AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 Verified Answers
TOF steps - Answers1) ionisation
2) acceleration
3) ion drift
4) detection
5) analysis
Electron impact - AnswersSample vaporised and electron gun fires high energy electrons at it which knock off 1 electron from each particle, making them 1...
Electron impact - Answers✓✓Sample vaporised and electron gun fires high energy electrons at
it which knock off 1 electron from each particle, making them 1+ ions
NB- can knock off more than one e or break molecular ion
electrospray ionization - Answers✓✓Sample dissolved in volatile solvent then injected through
needle to give fine mist which is attached to positive end of high voltage power supply, particles
gain proton
NB- Mr of substance is actually one less than shown due to extra H+
Acceleration (TOF) - Answers✓✓positive ions accelerated using electric field so they all have
the same kinetic energy
Ion drift (TOF) - Answers✓✓particles with small mass have larger velocity do ions start to
separate with lightest ions reaching detector first
Detection (TOF) - Answers✓✓positive ions hit negatively charged plate and gain an electron
which forms a current, the larger the current the higher the abundance
Analysis (TOF) - Answers✓✓-computer uses data to produce mass spectrum which shows mass
m / charge z ratio
-mr or ar is furthest right peak (small peaks larger than mr are due to isotopes)
-may be large peaks at lower mr due to fragmentation
Electron spin - Answers✓✓Property of electron (CW or ACW)
Represented by up and down arrows
Orbitals - Answers✓✓Defined regions of space around nucleus where electrons most likely to
be found, each orbital holds 2 electrons
Hund's Rule - Answers✓✓Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals on their own and only pair up
when no empty or bait ask of same energy are available
exceptions to electron configuration - Answers✓✓chromium and copper, only take one electron
in 4s orbital
Why does ionization energy decrease down a group? - Answers✓✓Atoms get bigger so
electrons further away from nucleus, greater shielding
Why does ionization energy increase across a period? - Answers✓✓Atoms get smaller, nuclear
charge increases, similar shielding
Dip in ionisation energy groups 2-3 - Answers✓✓Electrons take up higher orbital (s to p) which
makes ionisation energy lower as higher orbitals have higher energy
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