Master the essentials of Biochemistry with these comprehensive notes! Covering topics from atomic structure to enzyme activity, these notes are perfect for understanding the foundation of life at a molecular level. Topics include:
Atoms and Elements: Subatomic particles, isotopes, and compounds....
2.1
Atoms
- Basic unit of matter
- Composed of 3 subatomic particles
- Protons
- In nucleus
- 1 mass
- Neutrons
- In nucleus
- 1 mass
- Electrons
- Outside the nucleus
- No mass
- Negative charge
- Mass number = protons + neutrons
- Atomic number/element = protons
- Charge = protons + electrons
Elements
- Composed of atoms with same number of protons
- (atomic number)
- Know these abbreviations:
- Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen(N),
calcium(Ca), phosphorus (P)
- ^ Make up 99 percent of the human body
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
- Mass number changes based on isotope
- Protons never change
- Ex. pet scans use radioactive(unstable, decaying) tracers(isotopes) to
determine anomalies like tumors
,Compounds
- Combination of 2 or more elements
- H20, NaCl
- Held together by chemical bonds
- Covalent(shared) and ionic(taken/given)
Ions
- A neutral atom that gains or loses electrons
- Have a + or - sign
- + if you gain electrons
- - if you lose electrons
- Seen in ionic bonding
2.4 Hydrogen Bonding and Water
Properties of Water
- Most abundant compound on Earth
- Special properties that allow for life to exist
- Water is polar and covalent
- Unequal sharing of electrons
- Oxygen atom pulls harder on the electrons
- Allows for hydrogen bonding to occur
Hydrogen Bonds
- Caused by water’s polarity
- Bond between water molecules
- One H and O
- Polarity makes the hydrogen atoms slightly negative and oxygen
atoms slightly positive
, Why is Water Special?
- Universal solvent(dissolves things)
- Sticky properties
- Stabilizes temperature
Water is the Universal Solvent!
- Water can dissolve many compounds
- Due to polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds -> water
sticks/ forms hydrogen bonds with/ to things, breaking them apart
- A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a solution
Cohesion
- Attraction b/w molecules of the same substances
- Water sticks to water
- Ex. surface tension, evaporation
- Water bug things float on water because they’re too light to break the
hydrogen bonds
Stabilizes Temperature
- High heat capacity
- Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water
- Keeps ocean and lake temps relatively constant
- Allows life to thrive
- The larger the body of water, the more energy it takes to change the
temp
Other Properties of Water
- Cohesion -> sticking to itself
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