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GPSP Lecture 6: Populism
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Lecture notes + exam topics emphasized by Prof. Krouwel
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Lecture 6: PopulismExam open question: American elections
- Gender gap
- Education gap
- Class gap
- Realignment republicans democrats
Exam question:
- Electoral systems
- Kriesi article
- Party models – own chapter in book
- Welfare state systems
Populism and the mobilisation of discontent
Anti-system parties: transformation European party politics rise of radical right-wing nationalist
parties and radical anti-globalization and anti-austerity left-wing parties
Polarization on cultural dimension
Exam question what cleavages are still there
- Left vs. right
- Progressive vs. conservative
USA: Trump and GOP
Mainstreaming of extremism, authoritarianism and antisemitism
Populists often emerge within mainstream parties
Kuhns model in exam not Cas
Political appeals to sense:
- Us vs. them (in-group/out-group)
- Ruled vs. rulers (anti-elite)
Anti-establishment politics taps into popular dissatisfaction with politicians (self-interested,
hypocritical and dishonest) and parties (unrepresentative, ossified and bureaucratised).
, Fascist parties in Italy, Austria, Germany and Greece + fascist regimes in Spain and Portugal until
1970s.
New politics: left-libertarian youth revolt against political and cultural conservatism of the 1960s.
pacifist, green, progressive, post-materialists
Post materialism
Post-materialist values profoundly changed political cultures in USA and Western Europe from the
19060s onwards.
Postwar rapid economic growth improved people’s living standards and rising levels of education
created a cultural shift from materialist values to post-materialist values.
Education and wealth also created new forms of political participation and movements.
Unconventional political activity: protests, strikes, demonstrations, civil disobedience and sometimes
violence.
Cultural change also made economic cleavage less important than cultural divisions based on
attitudes to gender and identity this helped to unfreeze party systems
Radical left parties: characterized by left-libertarian and green ideas, rather than traditional focus on
forms of industrial worker solidarity.
Right-wing reaction to breakdown of traditional hierarchies and social structures.
1960-1990s decline of traditional political participation and trust, lower party identification, party
membership decline
Transforming political alignment and loyalties, changing the party system
Political crisis and polarisation deepened and centred on cultural issues
Economic inequality
Precariousness: poverty trap people do not improve
Right-wing populist mobilisation: less educated, the blue-collar workers, the unemployed, the
politically dissatisfied and those with negative attitudes toward immigrants.
- Next to traditional lower middle-class support for far-right politics now also strong support
growing from working-class, blue-collar voters
- Lower- and middle-class economic prosperity and social security declined with neo-liberal
austerity and welfare state retrenchment policies
- Their ‘bargaining’ power is shrinking due to outsourcing to cheap labour countries,
automation/robotics, competition with labour migrants
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