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NRSG 357 Exam 2: Questions & Correct Solutions (Solved)
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NRSG 357 Exam 2: Questions & Correct Solutions (Solved)
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NRSG 357 Exam 2: Questions & Correct Solutions(Solved)
What are the two sides of the coronary circulation Right Ans - Right
coronary (R posterior descending artery, acute marginal artery) and Left
coronary (left anterior descending artery, circumflex coronary artery)
Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors in the heart
Right Ans - sympathetic = beta-adrenergic receptors
parasympathetic = receptors in myocardium and coronary vessels
What are the hormones associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic
receptors in the heart Right Ans - sympathetic norepinephrine and
epinephrine
parasympathetic = acetylcholine
What is the order of the electromechanical coordination Right Ans -
sinoatrial node (SAN)
atrioventricular node (AVN)
bundle of his
bundle branches
purkinje fibers
What does each part of the heartbeat indicate
1. p wave
2. p-q interval
3. QRS interval
4. S-T interval
5. T wave
6. T-P interval Right Ans - 1. atrial depolarization
2. atrial depolarization complete
3. ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization occurs
4. ventricular depolarization complete
5. ventricular repolarization
6. ventricular repolarization complete
diastole VS systole Right Ans - diastole - relaxation of the myocardium
(filling)
,systole - contraction of the myocardium (contraction)
what are the components of the regulation of the cardiovascular system
Right Ans - -neural control
-neural reflexes
-chemo receptors
-hormonal receptors
what is involved in the neural control of the heart Right Ans - -brainstem is
the cardiovascular control center
-Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) -
cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory center
what does the vagus nerve do Right Ans - involved in the parasympathetic
system and decreases the heart rate
what do the sympathetic cardiac nerves do Right Ans - increase heart rate
and force of contraction
what are the neural reflexes that are involved in the heart Right Ans - -
baroreceptors = BP control
-bainbridge reflex = changes in HR that occur after IV infusions of blood or
other fluids
what are the chemo and hormone receptors and what do they each do
Right Ans - -norepinephrine = increases contractility, constriction of blood
vessels
-epinephrine = dilates vessels of the liver and skeletal muscle and increases
myocardial contractility
-hydrocortisone = potentiates the effect of catecholamines
-thyroid hormone = increased HR and contractility, decreased systemic
vascular resistance
-growth hormone = increased contractility
what is cardiac output and how do you calculate it Right Ans - CO = amount
of blood pressure pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute (mL/min)
CO = HR x SV
,what is preload Right Ans - How much the heart can collect during diastolic
filling before it pumps again; pressure generated in the left ventricle at the
end of diastole
the process of increased preload Right Ans - -increased blood entering
heart
-increased myocardial stretching
-increased preload
-increased stroke volume
what is the Frank-Starling law Right Ans - increase in blood volume leads
to and increased stretch of myocardium leads to increased force to pump
blood out
what is afterload Right Ans - peripheral resistance against which the left
ventricle must pump
what affects afterload and how does an increased afterload affect the stroke
volume Right Ans - -size of ventricle, increase in resistance, wall tension
-decreases stroke volume
contractility
1. what is it
2. indirect or direct relationship with stroke volume
3. what factors affect it Right Ans - 1. how hard the heart muscle contracts
to eject the blood
2. direct relationship
3. positive and negative ionotropic factors
blood pressure levels
1. normal
2. elevated
3. high blood pressure stage 1
4. high blood pressure stage 2 Right Ans - 1. 120/80
2. 120-129/80
3. 130-139/80-89
4. >140/90
risk factors
, 1. non-modifiable
2. modifiable Right Ans - 1. age, gender, ethnicity, family history
2. alcohol use, tobacco, smoking/vaping, diabetes mellitus, excessive sodium
intake, weight/obesity, hypercholesterolemia, stress, physical activity
primary VS secondary hypertension and causes of each Right Ans - 1.
primary = developed over time
-genes
-smoking
-obesity
-high salt intake
-high alcohol consumption
-stress
-lack of exercise
-aging
2. secondary = occurs quickly and more severely
-obstructive sleep apnea
-heart defects
-kidney disease
-medication or illegal drugs
-adrenal or thyroid conditions
hypertensive urgency symptoms Right Ans - -Headache
-lightheadedness
-shortness of breath
-nausea
-heart palpitations
-bloody nose
-anxiety
clinical manifestations of hypertension during the early stage, progression,
and if left undiagnosed/untreated Right Ans - -early stage = no signs except
elevated BP
-progression = fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, angina, dyspnea
-undiagnosed/ untreated = organ damage
organ damage of high blood pressure Right Ans - -eyes (retinal damage,
reduced vision)
-brain (stroke, transient ischemic attack, dementia)
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