PSB 2000 Exam 2 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
What are ionotropic receptors? - ANSWERSLigand-gated channels. Neurotransmitter (ligand) binds -> channel opens -> ions pass through -> EPSP or IPSP.
What are metabotropic receptors? - ANSWERSThese receptors do not have channels. Neurot...
What are ionotropic receptors? - ANSWERSLigand-gated channels. Neurotransmitter (ligand) binds ->
channel opens -> ions pass through -> EPSP or IPSP.
What are metabotropic receptors? - ANSWERSThese receptors do not have channels. Neurotransmitter
binds -> G-protein on intracellular side of receptors is activated -> activates 2nd messenger -> many
effects, including open or close ion channels (->EPSP or IPSP) and intracellular changes.
EPSP= - ANSWERSpositively charged ion
IPSP= - ANSWERSnegatively charged ions.
Ionotropic receptors effects are... - ANSWERSfaster, more transient effects.
Metabotropic receptors effects are... - ANSWERSslower but longer lasting effects.
Most neurotransmitters have ____ ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. - ANSWERSboth
Glutamate: - ANSWERSMain excitatory neurotransmitter. Important for memory formation.
GABA: - ANSWERSMain inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA- A receptor is typically targeted for anxiety
treatment (benzodiazepines).
Some NTs are made by discreet nuclei & transported throughout brain, these being... -
ANSWERSAcetylcholine, Dopamine, Norepinepherine, and Serotonin.
Acetylcholine: - ANSWERS-PNS
,-Cortical activation
-1st NT lost in Alzheimer's Disease
( Also made in the basal forebrain.
In the CNS it blankets the cortex. Vey broad.)(Cholinergic).
Dopamine - ANSWERS-Reward & reinforcement
-Cognition
-Movement (BG)
-Dysregulated in schizophrenia.
Made in Basal forebrain.
( Includes Mesolimbocortical pathway and Mesostraital pathway) ( In schizophrenia, there is too much
neuro activity. We treat psychotic symptoms that decrease the amount of dopamine the brain is
making). Dopaminergic.
Mesolimbocortical Pathway: - ANSWERSVentral Tegmental Area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens and cortex
(VTA goes very broadly to cortex and limbic structures). Made within the midbrain.
Mesostriatal Pathway: - ANSWERSSubstantia nigra to basal ganglia (these neurons are lost in Parkinson's
disease). Made within the midbrain.
Norepinepherine: - ANSWERS-Sympathetic NS
-Alertness/vigilance
-Mood
-Appetite
Made in the Locus coeruleus to forebrain. Lateral tegmental area to brainstem and spinal chord.
Serotonin: - ANSWERS-Sleep
-Anxiety
-Mood
-Appetite
, Midbrain raphe nuclei to forebrain; brainstem raphe nuclei to spinal chord. Serotonergic.
All three Neurotransmitter pathways begin with stuff found in our ____. - ANSWERSdiet
Acetylcholine is made from choline which is abundant in... - ANSWERSeggs, milk and peanuts.
Phenylalenine and tyrosine are amino acids and thus found in almost any _____. - ANSWERSprotein
Dopamine, NE and epinephrine make up the ______ b/c contain a catechol group and an amine group. -
ANSWERScatecholamines
-Diffuse out of and into cells -> directly affect 2nd messenger systems
-Often work in retrograde direction.
Psychotropic drugs affect brain activity because they affect a neurotransmitter system: - ANSWERS-
Increases or decreases neurotransmitter synthesis.
-Increases or decreases neurotransmitter release
-Binds to & activate a receptor
-Bind to & block a receptor
-Alters the amount of time a neurotransmitter is in the synaptic cleft
-Blocks or increases neurotransmitter degradation or reuptake.
( Drugs have an effect because it can impact the bbb and influences the neurotransmitters.)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Bensuda. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
