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NU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Questions and Correct Verified Answers
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Top Mark Questions and Correct Verified AnswersNU 318 Genetics- Exam 3 Questions and
Correct Verified Answers
Define Epigenetics
✓ the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur WITHOUT
a DNA change
✓ - they are chemical or environmental modifications
✓
✓ ex: parental diet and environmental toxins
What are the components of the epigenome?
✓ 1. methylation
✓ 2. micro RNA
✓ 3. histone modification
Define methylation
✓ Addition of a chemical tag that turns off gene expression from a parent
✓ - DNA sequence AND methyl tag are passed down to offspring
Histone modification
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, Top Mark Questions and Correct Verified Answers
✓ changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that a
segment of DNA will be transcribed
✓ - chemical tags are attacked to the tails of histones
✓ - when histones are too tightly wound then parts of DNA segments will not be
available for transcription
What are micro-RNA?
✓ - small single stranded RNA that bind to mRNA and make it double stranded
✓ - they prevent translation, and therefore protein synthesis
What is a microbiome?
✓ the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of
the body).
✓ - unique to every person
What was the Dutch Hunger Winter?
✓ - a super cold winter that prevented shipments of food
✓ - people survived on 30% of normal intake
✓ - babies malnourished during the LAST few months of gestation remained
SMALL
✓ - babies malnourished in FIRST months of gestation had more OBESITY and
health problems in the future
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What is the relationship between epigenetics and cancer?
✓ WE KNOW:
✓ a. cancer represents changes in gene expression
✓ b. damage or loss of expression of suppressor genes can permit expression of
cancer genes
✓ c. damage or mutation of an oncogene can make it less susceptible to control by
suppressor products
What is the relationship between methylation and cancer?
✓ - this is the most studied epigenetic mechanism in cancer
✓ - areas around oncogenes are often hypomethylated (increase expression)
✓ - areas around tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated (decrease
expression)
What are cancer preventions and/or therapy research that have been found?
✓ THE FOLLOWING HELP PREVENT CANCER
✓
✓ 1.) There are compounds to PREVENT methylation of suppressor genes
✓ 2.) There are compounds to CAUSE oncogenes to be methylated
✓ 3.) There are drugs that inhibit enzymes that increase methylation or change in
histone influence
✓ 4.) Antioxidant influence
Name 2 environmental toxins and why are they toxic?
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, Top Mark Questions and Correct Verified Answers
✓ 1. Biphenol A (BPA)
✓ 2. Phthylates
✓
✓ - these change cell structure and therefore influence future generations
What was the experiment with the Agouti Mice?
✓ - mice with two copies of dominant Agouti gene: yellow and obese
✓ - when the Agouti gene was methylated:
✓ a.) They became brown
✓ b.) They developed a normal appetite
What is the primary risk factor for having a mentla disorder?
✓ having a close family member who had the disorder
What is true about Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, & Autism
✓ all three of these have a higher heritability than Parkinsons and Breast Cancer
What are the pharmacogenetics for mental disorders?
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