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BIO 2051 EXAM | 200 Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Answers
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BIO 2051 EXAM | 200 Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Answers
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BIO 2051 EXAM | 200 Questions Solved 100% Correct |Verified Answers
what glycolytic pathway is found in all three domains? - ✔✔EMP pathway
what are the products of EMP? - ✔✔net 2 ATP
small precursor molecules for biosynthetic reactions
what is the purpose of Entner-Duodoroff pathway? - ✔✔catabolism of carbohydrates that
can't be processed by EMP
Does EMP or Entner-Duodoroff pathway produce more ATP? - ✔✔EMP
what microbes perform Entner-Duodoroff pathway? - ✔✔several aerobic and anaerobic
bacterial species
why is pentose phosphate pathway not technically considered to be glycolysis? - ✔✔it
doesn't produce pyruvate
what does pentose phosphate pathways produce? - ✔✔NADPH
precursors for other pathways
what process can regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis? - ✔✔respiration
fermentation
how does fermentation regenerate NAD+? - ✔✔uses organic molecules to get rid/oxidize of
the electrons carried by NADH
,what is the final electron acceptor in fermentation? - ✔✔pyruvate
when does fermentation occur? - ✔✔when you don't have external electron acceptor
what are the different types of fermentation? - ✔✔lactic acid fermentation
alcoholic fermentation
mixed acid fermentation
what type of microbes carry out lactic acid fermentation? - ✔✔gram positive microbes
known as lactic acid bacteria
what are examples of microbes that carry out lactic acid fermentation? - ✔✔pathogens
normal flora of intestines and genitourinary tract
microbes that make yogurt/sour cream
what is reduced in lactic acid fermentation? - ✔✔pyruvate
what is oxidized in lactic acid fermentation? - ✔✔NADH
what are the differences between lactic acid and heterolactic fermentation? -
✔✔heterolactic fermentation produces lactic acid and ethanol
carried out by Leuconostoc sp.
what microbes carry out alcoholic fermentation? - ✔✔yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae
some bacteria
what is produced in alcoholic fermentation? - ✔✔ethanol
, CO2
when do microbes die off during alcoholic fermentation? - ✔✔when ethanol concentrations
reach 12-15%
what microbes carry out mixed acid fermentation? - ✔✔several bacteria and fungi
what purposes have some microbes adapted to carry out mixed acid fermentation for? -
✔✔acetone production
butanol production
what is the purpose of respiration? - ✔✔to allow glycolysis to continue by recycling NADH
back to NAD+
how does respiration regenerate NAD+? - ✔✔electrons of NADH are passed to an electron
transport system and on to an inorganic acceptor
how do we get NADH to push through respiration? - ✔✔via the TCA cycle
what is the intermediate step between glycolysis and the TCA cycle? - ✔✔pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex (PDC)
what is the purpose of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)? - ✔✔converts 3-carbon
pyruvate to 2-carbon acetyl-CoA by removing CO2 from pyruvate which generates NADH
what is the substrate for TCA cycle? - ✔✔acetyl-CoA
what starts the TCA cycle? - ✔✔6-carbon citrate
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