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BIO 2051 EXAM with Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Answers
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BIO 2051 EXAM with Questions Solved 100% Correct | Verified Answers
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BIO 2051 EXAM with Questions Solved 100% Correct |Verified Answers
what type of viruses are in group 7? - ✔✔pararetro viruses
hepatits B
cauliflower mosaic virus
how do group 7 viruses replicate their genome? - ✔✔dsDNA->ssRNA(+)->dsDNA
what enzyme do group 7 viruses use to transcribe RNA to DNA? - ✔✔reverse transcriptase
which groups utilize reverse transcriptase? - ✔✔6 and 7
what two cycles are used for replication in bacteriophage? - ✔✔lytic
lysogenic
what is the speed of the lytic cycle? - ✔✔rapid
what enzyme is used in the lytic cycle to lyse the host cell? - ✔✔lysozyme
define lysogeny - ✔✔state that lysogenic and temperate phage enters where viral genome
integrates into host chromosome and is replicated with host chromosome
define prophage - ✔✔virus whos genome exists as part of the host genome
define lysogens - ✔✔bacterial host cells that harbor prophages
,what is the process of the lysogenic cycle? - ✔✔lysogeny->induction of prophage->begins
lytic cycle
define egress - ✔✔exit from cell
what does virus particle formation and egression depend on? - ✔✔virus type
host cell type
how do envelope viruses form particles and exit cells? - ✔✔envelope viruses insert viral
proteins in the host cell membrane
attach to them
bud out of cell while taking a portion of the plasma membrane
how do naked viruses exit cells? - ✔✔by lysis
define lysis - ✔✔destruction or cracking open of the host cell
how do plant viruses move from cell to cell within a singular plant? - ✔✔by specific
cytoplasmic connections
how do plant viruses move from one plant to another plant? - ✔✔by disruption of cell wall
structures
what is an example of a good antiviral? - ✔✔nucleoside analog
tamiflu
what is AZT and what does it treat? - ✔✔nucleoside analog
,HIV
how do nucleoside analogs work against viruses? - ✔✔act like nucleosides that would be
used by viral polymerases to make viral genomes but prevent them from lengthening
block nucleic acid synthesis
how does tamiflu work against viruses? - ✔✔prevents activity of the enzyme neuraminidase
that helps a virus detach from the infected cell
what do microorganisms generally need to grow? - ✔✔nutrients
energy
electron flow
what is the purpose of electron flow? - ✔✔drive ions into and out of the cell
used to create atp
define nutrients - ✔✔supply of monomers (or precursors) required by cells for growth
what the nutrients for microorganisms? - ✔✔carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous
sulfur
why is carbon needed by microorganisms? - ✔✔needed by cells to form organic compounds
(amino acids, fatty acids, sugars and nitrogenous bases) to carry out cellular functions
how do autotrophs acquire carbon? - ✔✔assimilate carbon from inorganic sources
, often use CO2 as sole carbon source
where do heterotrophs acquire carbon? - ✔✔assimilate carbon in preexisting organic form
why is nitrogen needed? - ✔✔needed by cells for amino acids, nitrogenous bases, and other
cell constituents
how do nitrogen-fixing bacteria acquire nitrogen? - ✔✔capable of using atmospheric
nitrogen gas as a sole nitrogen source and converting it to ammonia
what enzyme is used by nitrogen fixing bacteria? - ✔✔nitrogenase
which compounds do most prokaryotes obtain nitrogen from? - ✔✔ammonia and nitrate
why is phosphorous needed? - ✔✔synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids
why is sulfur needed? - ✔✔synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids like cysteine and
methionine
which nutrient is least abundant? - ✔✔sulfur
how do phototrophs acquire energy? - ✔✔capture light energy to produce ATP
how do chemotrophs acquire energy? - ✔✔capture energy from oxidation of reduced
organic or inorganic compounds
how do organotrophs acquire electrons? - ✔✔from organic molecules such as glucose
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