PHAR 100 EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
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PHAR 100
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PHAR 100
PHAR 100 EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
Who discovered morphine? - Answers - Serturner
From what drug was ephedrine isolated? - Answers - Ma Huang
What does ephedrine treat? - Answers - asthma
What are the two uses of curare? - Answers - 1. Poison...
PHAR 100 EXAM REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
Who discovered morphine? - Answers -✔✔ Serturner
From what drug was ephedrine isolated? - Answers -✔✔ Ma Huang
What does ephedrine treat? - Answers -✔✔ asthma
What are the two uses of curare? - Answers -✔✔ 1. Poison: used on arrow tips to
cause muscle paralysis and death by respiratory paralysis
2. Drug: anesthetics during surgery to relax muscles
What is Ergot? - Answers -✔✔ a poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye,
especially during wet seasons
What is the potent substance of peyote? - Answers -✔✔ mescaline
What are the effects of peyote? - Answers -✔✔ hallucinations, a feeling of well-being,
and distortion of perception similar to that of LSD
Is zinc oxide found in many topical creams today? - Answers -✔✔ yes
What is a drug? - Answers -✔✔ any substance received by a biological system that is
not received for nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the
organism
What are the two major categories of drugs discovered throughout history? - Answers -
✔✔ 1. drugs that act on the brain
2. drugs that act against infectious disease
Drugs that act on the brain alter _____. - Answers -✔✔ the normal chemical signalling
in the brain
What is an example of a drug that acts on the brain? - Answers -✔✔ LSD
Who synthesized LSD? When? - Answers -✔✔ Albert Hoffman in 1943
LSD is similar in chemical structure to ___ and ____. - Answers -✔✔ ergotamine and
ergonovine
,What is an infectious disease? - Answers -✔✔ any disease caused by an organism,
such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
What is an organoarsenical and what does it cure? - Answers -✔✔ - a complex or
arsenic and organic molecules that selectively bind to parasites
- cures syphillis
Who and when developed Organoarsenicals? - Answers -✔✔ Paul Ehrlich in the 1900s
Who and when developed Sulla drugs? - Answers -✔✔ Gerard Domagk in the 1930s
Who and when discovered Penicillin? - Answers -✔✔ Alexander Fleming in the 1940s
Who and when discovered streptomycin? - Answers -✔✔ Seaman Waksman in the
1950s
What are the five key steps of drug development? - Answers -✔✔ 1. basic research
and drug discovery
2. preclinical trials
3. clinical trials
4. health Canada review and manufacturing
5. post-market surveillance and phase 4 clinical trials
What are the two steps of basic drug research? - Answers -✔✔ 1. identification of the
target
2. studying the target
What is a lead compound? - Answers -✔✔ a compound that shows promise in the
initial studies and will enter more detailed studies
What are the two categories of preclinical studies? - Answers -✔✔ - pharmacology:
determines the detailed mechanism of action of the new drug
- toxicology: determines the potential risks of the drug
What are the initial steps of clinical trials? - Answers -✔✔ 1. proof of safety
2. methodology
3. investigation
Target Population - Answers -✔✔ the group of patients for whom the drug is intended
Study Population - Answers -✔✔ a subset of the target population that meets all
required criteria
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria - Answers -✔✔ defines characteristics of the patients to be
included in the study, determining who is and who is not eligible for the trial
,Consent - Answers -✔✔ a document written in non-scientific language that outlines the
purpose of the study, etc must be obtained before a person can participate
Double Blind Design - Answers -✔✔ where neither the investigator nor the study
subject is aware of the treatment the study subject is assigned to
Randomization - Answers -✔✔ patients are assigned to the experimental treatment
group or a control group, usually by computer generation
What are the two types of control? - Answers -✔✔ - placebo
- gold standard
Placebo - Answers -✔✔ does not contain any active drug, but is identical in
appearance, colour, taste, and administration method to the active drug
Gold Standard - Answers -✔✔ the drug that is accepted by the medical community as
the best available treatment for the specific disease at the time
Bioequivalence - Answers -✔✔ where the original brand name drug and any generic
versions of the original drug all contain the identical active ingredient, in the same
amount, and usually in the same dosage form
What are the four factors necessary when considering a drug's action? - Answers -✔✔
1. drug targets
2. drug response
3. efficacy and potency
4. therapeutic range
Receptor - Answers -✔✔ a molecule or a complex of molecules located on the outside
or inside of a cell that has a regulatory or functional role in the organism
Receptors are normally bound to what? Give examples. - Answers -✔✔ - bound to and
activated by endogenous ligands
- EX: hormones and neurotransmitters
The locations of receptors determines_____. - Answers -✔✔ where a drug will act and
whether the response that results from the drug-receptor interaction is beneficial or
detrimental
Activation of opioid receptors in the brain causes ____. - Answers -✔✔ relief
Activation of opioid receptors in the GI tract causes ______. - Answers -✔✔
constipation (an adverse effect)
, What are two other drug targets? - Answers -✔✔ - chemical reactions (EX: antacids to
neutralize stomach acid)
- physical chemical forces (EX: chloestyramine binds bile acids to prevent production of
cholesterol)
Agonist - Answers -✔✔ drugs that bind to and stimulate a receptor
Antagonist - Answers -✔✔ drugs that bind to but block the response at a receptor
True or false? drugs can modify the interaction between the endogenous ligands and
their receptors. - Answers -✔✔ true
Dose-response relationship - Answers -✔✔ The intensity of the pharmacological
effects produced by a drug increases in proportion to the
dose
What are the topical routes of administration? - Answers -✔✔ On the skin, through the
skin (transdermal), inhalation
What does enteral route of administration refer to? - Answers -✔✔ Administration via
the GI tract, either through the mouth or an artificial opening
What is the first pass effect? - Answers -✔✔ When the drug is first delivered to the
liver, which contains enzymes that can decrease the amount of active drug left to enter
the general circulation
What is parental route of administration? - Answers -✔✔ When it bypasses the GI tract
by being injected into the body and enter the bloodstream directly
What are three parental routes? - Answers -✔✔ Intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous
Bioavailability - Answers -✔✔ The fraction of an administered dose that reaches the
systemic circulation in an active form
What are the 3 methods of absorption? - Answers -✔✔ 1. Diffusion through aqueous
pores
2. Diffusion through lipids
3. Active transport
P450 - Answers -✔✔ enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs
Phase 1 of biotransformation reactions - Answers -✔✔ To add or unmask a functional
group on the drug to prepare it for the addition of a large water-soluble molecule in
phase 2
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