recite prefixes in order
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec, alk
aldehyde/ketone functional group
carbonyl group (C=O)
aldehyde v ketone location
aldehyde at end, ketones not on end
carboxylic acid functional group
carboxyl functional group (-COOH)
carboxyl functional group location
on end
ester functional group
(-COOC-)
amine functional group
amino functional group (-NH4)
ester names
alkyl alklanoates
amide functional group
(-CONH2)
categories of structural isomerism
chain, position, functional group
what is isomerism
same molecular formula, different structue
what are chain isomers
rearrangements of the carbon backbone to make/move alkyl substituents
what are position isomrs
moving functional groups, halo substituents, or double/triple bonds to different places n
the carbon backbone
what are functional group isomers
rearranging atoms or bonds to change functional groups (e.g. aldehyde v ketone)
ethene common name
ethylene
ethyne common name
acetylene
what type of hydrocarbon are alkanes/enes/ynes
aliphatic
what type of hydrocarbon is a benzene ring
aromatic
standard shape of carbon bonded to four atoms
tetrahedral
shape of alkene
, triagonal planar
shape of alkyne
linear
are sigma or pi bonds stronger
sigma bonds are stronger
types of bonds in alkane
1 sigma
types of bonds in alkene
1 sigma, 1 pi
types of bonds in alkynes
1 sigma, 2 pi
intermolecular forces of alkanes
non-polar so only dispersion forces
physical properties of alkanes
low melting and boiling points, volatility, low hardness, low density, poor aqueous
solubility, poor electrical conductivity
as the alkane chain length increases...
melting and boiling point, density, and hardness increase, and volatility decreases
effect of branched alkane on melting and boiling point
lower because they cannot pack closely together, lowering dispersion forces
regarding safety, many organic compounds are
irritants, carcinogenic, toxic, corrosive, immiscible with water, flammable, volatile
(respiratory irritant)
risk assessment minimisations order
avoidance, safe handling, PPE, spill/accident protocol
type of hydrocarbons in coal
coal gas --> CH4 and cyclic hydrocarbons
type of hydrocarbons in crude oil
paraffins (alkanes w/ 20-40 carbons), petrol --> octane
types of hydrocarbons in natural gas
80% methane, 7% ethane, 6% propane, 4% butane, 3% pentane
uses of hydrocarbons include
petrol, concrete, paint, fuel, plastic, tar, lubricants
extraction methods
drilling wells, mining, fracking --> fluid injected at high pressure into rocks creating
fissures to allow extraction
processing methods
fractional distillation, thermal cracking --> heat to break long chains, catalytic cracking --
> petroleum vapour passed through catalyst to break down
transportation of hydrocarbons
crude oil --> barges, tankers, pipelines, train
Natural gas --> pipelines, liquefied in tankers
environmental implications of hydrocarbons
ocean pollution (lubricants, noise, destruction, oil spills), cavities prone to collapse,
green house effect, non-biodegradable materials, in-complete burning = toxic
economic implications of hydrocarbons
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