MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy Quality Materials
Nomenclature
Systematic naming of organic compounds using IUPAC conventions.
Types of chemical formulae
Different representations of chemical compounds including structural, condens...
Nomenclature
Systematic naming of organic compounds using IUPAC conventions.
Types of chemical formulae
Different representations of chemical compounds including structural, condensed
structural, molecular, and line structures.
Structural formula
All the covalent bonds in the molecules are drawn out in the structure.
Condensed structural formula
The structure is shown, but the bonds are not all drawn out; the structure may not show
any bonds at all.
Molecular formula
The numbers of atoms of each type are shown, sometimes grouping atoms to show
certain functional groups.
Limitation of molecular formula
Several isomers can share the same molecular formula but differ in structure.
Line structure
A representation of organic compounds where the structure is simplified to show the
arrangement of atoms.
Homologous series
A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
General formula for Alkanes
CnH2n+2.
General formula for Alkenes
CnH2n.
General formula for Alkynes
CnH2n-2.
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that only contain C-C single bonds; considered to be saturated.
Saturated
Each carbon atom has the maximum possible number of atoms (i.e., 4 atoms) bonded
to it.
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons that contain one or more C=C double bonds; considered to be
unsaturated.
Unsaturated
The hydrocarbon has a double bond between the carbon atoms, hence fewer hydrogen
atoms than the corresponding alkanes.
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain one or more C≡C triple bonds; considered unsaturated.
, Enynes
Compounds with both double and triple bonds.
Functional group
An atom, or group of atoms, within an organic molecule which gives some characteristic
physical & chemical properties.
Alcohols
Compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon (C) atom.
General formula for Alcohols
CnH2n+1OH.
Primary alcohol
When the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is also bonded to one other
carbon atom.
Secondary alcohol
When the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is also bonded to two other carbon
atoms.
Tertiary alcohol
When the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is also bonded to three other
carbon atoms.
Phenol
An organic compound where a hydroxyl group is bonded to a benzene ring.
Aldehydes
Compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) located at the end of a hydrocarbon
chain.
Suffix for Aldehydes
'-al'.
Ketones
Compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbonyl carbon is attached
to other carbon atoms.
Suffix for Ketones
'-one'.
Carboxylic Acids
Compounds containing the carboxyl group (-COOH) and always attached to the
terminal carbon of the hydrocarbon chain.
Suffix for Carboxylic Acids
'-oic acid'.
Amines
Compounds containing the amino functional group, consisting of one nitrogen (N) atom
covalently bonded to 2 hydrogen (H) atoms.
Suffix for Amines
'-amine'.
Amides
Compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to an amino functional group (-
NH2).
Suffix for Amides
'-amide'.
Hydrocarbon substituents
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