MODULE 7 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE.Buy Quality Materials
What is a functional group?
- is a group of atoms which when attached to a hydrocarbon changes the properties of the hydrocarbon
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Halogens
- Fl...
What is a functional group?
- is a group of atoms which when attached to a hydrocarbon changes the properties of
the hydrocarbon
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Halogens
- Flouride (F)
- Chloride (Cl)
- Bromide (Br)
- Iodide (I)
Aldehyde
- terminal atom
- aldehydes oxidise to form carboxylic acid
Alcohols
Ketones
- never a terminal group
Carboxylic Acids
- carboxyl functional group is always attached to the terminal carbon atoms
Amine
Amides
- formed when an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid
- amide is a stable covalent molecule with no acidic or basic properties
Saturation
- saturated compounds: compounds with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
(e.g. alkanes)
- unsaturated compounds: compounds with at least one multiple bond (double or triple)
between the carbon atom (e.g. alkenes and alkynes)
homologous series of alkane
homologous series of alkene
homologous series of alkynes
homologous series
Any series that can be represented by a single formula is called a homologous series
and each successive member of the homologous series differs by the same amount
Steps to naming a hydrocarbon
1. Recognise the longest parent chain
2. Recognise the branches
3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain such that the carbon atom attached to
the branch gets the lowest possible number
, 4. Name the parent chain
5. write the prefix as number of carbon atom to which the branches are attached and
then the name of the branch
6. If you have 2 different types of branches, follow steps 1-4. Write the names of the
branches in alphabetical order as a prefix
Naming Halogenated Organic Compounds
- any compound that has halogen atoms attached to one of the carbon atoms
- Complete steps 1- 4
5. identify the halogen and place the prefix in alphabetical order (Br: bromo, Cl: chloro,
F: fluoro, I: Iodo)
6. find the lowest number for the carbon that is attached to the halogen - place this
number in front of the halogen prefix
Naming Alcohols
- compounds that contain the -OH
- Complete steps 1- 4
5. name the parent chain with the suffix of -ol
6. give the carbon attached to the alcohol group the lowest number possible and insert
this number into the name
What is a carbonyl functional group
- consists of a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond
- all the atoms bonded to the carbon atom lies in one plane and the angles between the
bonds are 120°
- molecules that contain the carbonyl functional group: carboxylic acid, aldehydes,
ketones, amides, esters
Naming Carboxylic Acid
- carbonyl group always founds at the end of the hydrocarbon chain
- complete steps 1- 4
5. Remove the 'e' and replace it with the suffix 'oic acid'
Naming Aldehydes
- the carbonyl group is always at the end of the hydrocarbon chain
- functional group in an aldehyde is written as -CHO at the end of a condensed
structural formula
- Complete steps 1- 4
5. Delete the 'e' of the parent chain attached to the aldehyde functional group and add
'al'
Naming Ketones
-the carbonyl group is attached to other carbon atoms ( never at the end)
· In a condensed structural formula, the carbonyl group is written as -CO-
Complete steps 1- 4
5. deleted the 'e' of the parent alkane and add 'one'
7. number the carbon atoms of the main chain from the end that results in the smallest
number for the carbonyl group
8. name any alkyl groups as for branched alkanes
Naming Amines
- are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced
by an alkyl group
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