Chemistry - ✔️✔️- The study of composition, structure, properties, and reactions of
matter
- Types:
1. General (definition above)
2. Organic (study of substances that involve carbon)
3. Biological (study of chemical reactions that take place in biological systems)
4. Physical (physical nature of chemical systems/ energy changes)
5. Geochemistry (chemical composition of ores, soils, and minerals of the surface of
earth and other planets)
Matter - ✔️✔️- All the substances that make up our world
- Anything that occupies space
Chemicals - ✔️✔️Substance that always has the same composition and properties
wherever it is found
Scientific Method - ✔️✔️General principles to a process to understand nature
Observations - ✔️✔️- First steo
- Based on measurements called data
- Describe/ measure an event in nature
Hypothesis - ✔️✔️- Second step
- After data is collected
- States a possible interpretation of the observations
- Must be stated in a way that can be tested by experiments
Experiments - ✔️✔️- Third step
- Tests that determine the validity of the hypothesis
Theory - ✔️✔️- fourth step
, - formed after experiments are repeated by many scientists with consistent results to
confirm the hypothesis - hypothesis could become a theory
- can continue to be tested, modified, and replaced
Metric/ SI Length - ✔️✔️meter (m)/ meter (m)
Metric/ SI Volume - ✔️✔️Liter (L)/ cubic meter (m^3)
Metric/ SI Mass - ✔️✔️Gram (g)/ Kilogram (kg)
Metric/ SI Temperature - ✔️✔️Celsius/ Kelvin
Metric/ SI Time - ✔️✔️Second/ Second
Measured numbers - ✔️✔️numbers you obtain when you measure a quantity using a
measuring tool
Significant figures - ✔️✔️Significant:
- not a zero
- one or more zero between the nonzero digits
- one or more zeros at the end of a decimal number
- in the coefficient of a number written in scientific notation
Not significant:
- at the beginning of a decimal number
- used as a placeholder in a large number without a decimal point
exact numbers - ✔️✔️numbers obtained by counting items or using a definition that
compares two units in the same measuring system
significant figures in calculations - ✔️✔️Multiplication and division with measured
numbers:
- the final answer is written so that it has the same number of sig figs as the
measurement with the fewest sig figs
Addition and subtraction with measured numbers:
- the final answer is written so that it has the same number of decimal places as the
measurement having the fewest decimal places
Metric and SI prefixes - ✔️✔️peta, P, 10^15
tera, T, 10^12
giga, G, 10^9
mega, M, 10^6
kilo, K, 10^3
deci, d, 10^-1
centi, c, 10^-2
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