HMX Immunology Final Exam all Questions
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic defect that leads to
recurrent infections in the tissue and severe problems with wound
healing. LAD patients also develop severe gingivitis (infections and
inflammation of the gums). In LAD, leukocyte migration into tissues is
severely impaired. All of these problems can be traced back to a genetic
defect. Of the genetic defects listed below, which is the most likely
cause of LAD? – ANSWER
-A mutation that introduces a stop codon into a gene that encodes part
of the LFA-1 molecule (leading to a truncated protein).
One of the most important advances in surgery arrived near the end of
the nineteenth century. The British surgeon Joseph Lister hypothesized
that using techniques to sterilize surgical tools and clean the skin at the
,site of the incision would reduce surgical site infections. Years later, Dr.
Lister wrote this:
"Nothing was formerly more striking in surgical experience than the
difference in the behavior of injuries according to whether the skin was
implicated or not. Thus, if the bones of the leg were broken and the skin
remained intact, the surgeon applied the necessary apparatus without
any other anxiety than that of maintaining a good position of the
fragments, although the internal injury to bones and soft parts might be
very severe. If, on the other hand, a wound of the skin was present,
communicating with the broken bones, although the damage might be
in other respects comparatively slight, the compound fracture -
ANSWER-Epithelial barriers
Which of the cells below are tissue resident sentinel cells - ANSWER-
mast cell, macrophage, dendritic cell
Which of the cells below are circulating blood cells that will enter tissue
in response to inflammation? (select two answers) - ANSWER-
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Mast cell - ANSWER-Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine)
that promote inflammation.
Neutrophil - ANSWER-Most abundant leukocyte
Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting microbe
,macrophage - ANSWER-Phagocyte that cleans up apoptotic cells
When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it changes rapidly and
becomes a ____________ . - ANSWER-macrophage
Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found on/in the - ANSWER-
cell membrane
There are a few different proteins that act as inhibitors of NF-kB. There
is a very rare genetic disease in which one of these proteins, IkBα, is
mutated. The mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBα
protein. In patients with this disease, IkBα protein expression does not
change in response to stimuli that cause IkBα degradation in healthy
individuals. Consider the biological role of NF-kB inhibitors. What are
the most likely symptoms of this genetic defect? - ANSWER-
Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to bacterial infections.
The complement pathway initiated by host proteins that bind to
microbial sugars is called the ____________ pathway. - ANSWER-lectin
pathway
ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) are
present in mammalian cells. Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells
activate an innate immune response against these self nucleic acids that
, are necessary for normal cellular function? - ANSWER-The TLRs that
recognize ssRNA and dsDNA are sequestered in endosomes.
How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune
cells? - ANSWER-Type I IFNs are produced by infected epithelial cells;
this induces anti-viral biochemical changes in the same cell and
adjacent cells.
A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic
defects described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? -
ANSWER-A mutation in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein
nonfunctional.
____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise
recognized as a pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more
recognizable to the immune system. - ANSWER-Opsonization
The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection are caused by the
tetanus toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is one of the
deadliest toxins known; even very small doses (nanograms) can be
lethal. It targets the nerves, causing severe muscle spasms. The tetanus
vaccine consists of inactivated tetanus toxin; the vaccine is highly
effective for preventing tetanus. Inoculation with the tetanus vaccine
leads to the production of protective antibodies. How do these
antibodies prevent tetanus? - ANSWER-Neutralization
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