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PHAR 100 5.4 Food Additives Exam with 100% correct Answers
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PHAR 100 5.4 Food Additives Exam
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PHAR 100: 5.4 Food Additives ExamWhat are Food Additives? - Answers -Food additives are substances that are added to
food to improve the appearance, texture, and storage of food. This may also include
substances added during the processing of food or added to improve nutritive value
(e.g., addition of vitamins and minerals to certain foods, such as the addition of iodine to
salt).
Food additives can be categorized into two classes: - Answers -unintentional and
intentional.
Intentional food additives are - Answers -substances that are added to food to improve
the appearance, texture, and storage of food.
Examples of intentional food additives include: - Answers -Vitamins and minerals;
Flavours; Colours; Preservatives; Texture agents
Unintentional food additives are - Answers -added inadvertently as a result of the
growing, manufacturing, and storage processes of food. These are often termed
contaminants. The amount that is present in food is limited by regulations.
Examples of unintentional food additives include: - Answers -Fertilizers; Pesticides;
Heavy metals; Biohazardous contamination
Food Additive Regulations in Canada - Answers -The regulation of food additives in
Canada is conducted by the Food and Drug Regulations under the authority of Health
Canada. All permitted food additives and their conditions of use are listed in the Lists of
Permitted Food Additives . If a particular food additive is not on this list, the
manufacturer is required to submit information on the proposed use, evidence of safety,
and information on the effectiveness of the additive. The submission is then evaluated
by Health Canada scientists before approval is granted.
Most food additives could be eliminated, but this would result in a dramatic change in
our lifestyles. Explain; - Answers -Supermarkets would be reduced to one-fifth of their
current size, and it would be difficult to transport food.
Since food additives are here to stay, safety evaluations must be conducted regularly. In
fact, regulations are more stringent for food additives than for OTC drugs. Can you think
of why this might be? - Answers -Food additives are consumed without our knowledge -
most of the time, you do not know they are present even though they must be on the
label; They are taken for a lifetime by the entire population; Healthcare professionals
are not involved with food additives and are, therefore, not available to give advice
, regarding food additives in the same way that advice is given for OTC drugs; Young
children are exposed during vulnerable periods; They are not essential for life.
The technique used to determine risk/benefit is to - Answers -study the toxicity in
animals and then extrapolate the results to humans.
List the limitations of using animal models for food additive risk/harm benefits: -
Answers -Exposure; assumption of risk
Exposure as a limitation to animal models assessing for risk/harm benefits of food
additives - Answers -The extent of exposure in humans is difficult to replicate in
animals. Additives are administered to animals for one or two years, while humans can
be exposed their entire lives. Risk estimates must be made on a lifetime of exposure.
Assumption of Risk as a limitation to animal models assessing for risk/harm benefits of
food additives - Answers -they are usually tested in animals and the highest no-effect
dose is calculated. The acceptable human dose is then taken as 1/100 or 1/1000 of the
maximum no-effect dose in animals. The assumption made is that studying high doses
in animals will mimic low-dose, lifetime exposure in humans. The human exposure is
based on estimates of the intake of that particular food. Fortunately, the assumptions
tend to overestimate the actual risk.
Food Additives as Carcinogens - Answers -Food additives are carefully tested for
carcinogenicity and if a positive response is observed in any test system, the compound
is usually not allowed as a food additive. This concept may seem excessively stringent,
but not when you consider that the entire population is exposed to the additive.
The World Health Organization (W H O) has adopted a few principles concerning food
additives, list them: - Answers -function; quantity; purity; toxicology evaluation; special
groups
WHO food additive principle: Function - Answers -Use of additives is justified if they
enhance or maintain the quality or acceptability of food.
WHO food additive principle: Quantity - Answers -Additives should be used only in
quantities sufficient to obtain stated ends.
WHO food additive principle: Purity - Answers -Additives should be pure.
WHO food additive principle: Toxicological Evaluation - Answers -Toxicological
evaluation of additives should be undertaken. This information should be gathered and
utilized to determine potential risk of the food additive and whether further study is
needed.
WHO food additive principle: Special Groups - Answers -Special groups should be
considered. On the next slide, you will learn about an example of such a population.
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