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critical criminology exam layout questions and answers
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critical criminology exam layoutquestions and answers
what is critical criminology? - Answer-- How it differs from positivists, classicists,
labelling
- How it emerged from labelling and Marxism 'new' criminology- critical of the powerful
and their role in creating crime and how they react to it
- Crime is about conflict- It is a response to structural inequalities within society which
are created by capitalism, which shapes social institutions, social identities and social
action.
- Capitalism generates social problems that it cannot resolve within its own existence,
therefore devises strategies for controlling the population and facilitates/conceals crimes
of domination.
- Eg the criminal law is an ideological tool (crimes of powerful not included in official
statistics) and the criminal justice system is a form of social control- working together to
oppress the poor and maintain interests of the working class.
- Crime is functional to capitalism and is a response. Crime and criminal justice are
therefore integral to capitalism
what is meant by the concept criminalization? - Answer-- Lacey 'formal' criminalization
(the law in books) and 'substantive' criminalization (the law in action).
- formal criminalization takes place through the creation of criminal offences by
legislative instrument, and the recognition of common law offences by the courts in
jurisdictions which admit of such a possibility.
- Substantive criminalization most obviously takes the form of prosecutions for the
offence in question, but practices short of this might also be considered a form of
criminalization. Most obviously, these might include alternatives to prosecution (such as
prosecutor fines, police cautions, formal or informal warnings)
- looks at how criminalization strategies are class, race and gender- control strategies
that are consciously used to depoliticise political resistance and to control economically
and politically marginalized neighbourhoods and groups.
what is meant by the concept neoliberalism? - Answer-- governmental policies that are
focused towards the poor to keep them subordinate and criminalize them to deflect
attention from the crimes committed by the powerful.
- goes along with the policies of austerity
- easy to retain a focus on the marginalized population which is in and out of prison and
thereby characterized the neoliberal state as essentially a penal state (wacquant, 2009)
- neoliberalism aims at breaking up all forms of class, community or political
organization or spontaneous appropriations of space which might interfere with capital
and which are to be redefined as threats to security.
- Neoliberalism aims not just at warehousing the very poor or forcing them into low-
wage labour but more widely at the breaking up of all forms of class, community or
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