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Introduction to Criminology- Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Introduction to Criminology- Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Introduction to Criminology- Exam 1Questions and Answers Latest Update
What is the definition of crime? - Answer-an act in violation of law, is committed with
criminal intent, and is subject to punishment
What are the three elements of a crime?* - Answer-offender
victim
location/opportunity
What is the definition of criminology?* - Answer-the scientific study of law making,
commission of crimes, and society's reaction to criminals- those who break the laws.
What is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon? - Answer-
criminology
What includes the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the
breaking of laws? - Answer-criminology
What is the objective of criminology? - Answer-the development of a body of general
and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding this process of law,
crime, and treatment or prevention
Where does criminologists study come from? - Answer-a broad scientific perspective, in
an effort to understand its causes and ultimately its prevention
What are the purposes of criminology?* - Answer-1. attempts to provide an explanation
for criminal behavior
2. attempts to provide an explanation for causes of crime
3. attempts to provide an explanation for what seduces an individual into action.
different crimes have different forms of seduction
4. attempts to create opportunities to deduct possible solutions and/or strategies
Who uses criminology?* - Answer-law makers
policy makers
politicians/government
criminal justice agencies (law enforcement, courts, and corrections)
What do corrections refer to? - Answer-prisons, probation/parole agencies, community
based programs, juvenile diversion programs, etc.
What focuses on legal statutes, governmental structures, and the rights of humans? -
Answer-classical theory
,What time is classical theory? - Answer-mid 18th century
Classical theory is concerned with what? - Answer-the essence of the human condition
What 2 things does the classical law emphasize? - Answer-1. moral responsibility and
2. the duty of citizens to consider fully the consequences of behavior before they acted
What does utilitarianism deal with? - Answer-the "common good"
What are the natural rights? - Answer-life, liberty, and property ownership
What has a social contract with the people? - Answer-government
(citizens give up only that portion of natural rights necessary for the common good)
Fear of punishment can do what? - Answer-deter the commission of crime
What does the characteristic "free will and rationality" include? - Answer-individuals
choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
What specifies the process for determining guilt and the punishment to be meted out to
the guilty? - Answer-the law
How can society control behavior? - Answer-by making the pain of punishment greater
than the pleasure of the criminal gains
What is a moral offense against society? - Answer-crime
What is justified only to preserve the social contract? - Answer-punishment
All people are equal in their rights and should be what? - Answer-treated accordingly
When did Cesare Beccaria live? - Answer-1738-1794
Who said "the punishment should fit the crime"? - Answer-Cesare Beccaria
What did Cesare Beccaria believe about the conditions of prisons? - Answer-they
should be improved, with better physical care provided and inmates should be
segregated on the basis of gender, age, and degree of criminality
Who created the social contract theory? - Answer-Cesare Beccaria
Cesare Beccaria thought human behavior is based on what? - Answer-the pleasure-
pain principle
, (Therefore, fixed punishments for all offenses must be written into law and should not
be open for interpretation or the discretion of judges.)
What did Cesare Beccaria believe about capital punishment? - Answer-that is was
barbaric and unnecessary
What did Cesare Beccaria believe about torture? - Answer-it is a useless, barbaric
method of criminal investigation
What is the basis for many legal codes and has, thus, influenced popular conceptions of
justice? - Answer-Cesare Beccaria's free will doctrine
When did Jeremy Bentham live? - Answer-1748-1832
What is Jeremy Bentham's most note-worthy principle? - Answer-the greatest
happiness for the greatest number (Utilitarianism)
Who believed that punishment must outweigh any pleasure derived from criminal
behavior, but the law must not be so harsh and severe as to reduce the greatest
happiness? - Answer-Jeremy Bentham
Who believed that the law should not be used to regulate morality, only to control acts
harmful to society, which reduces the happiness of the majority? - Answer-Jeremy
Bentham
What did Jeremy Bentham believe about capital punishment? - Answer-it's barbaric and
unnecessary
What did Jeremy Bentham believe about torture? - Answer-it may be necessary in some
instances
Bentham designed a new model prison which reflected and operationalized his ideas on
criminal justice called what? - Answer-Panopticon
What did the physical structure of Panopticon look like? (Jeremy Bentham) - Answer-a
circular tiered honeycomb of cells, ranged around a central inspection tower from which
each could be seen by the gaolers
What did Jeremy Bentham propose about the constant surveillance about the
Panopticon? - Answer-the constant surveillance would make chains and other restraints
unnecessary
The Panopticon would have prisoners work 16 hours per day in their cells with the
profits of their labor being attributed to where? (Jeremy Bentham) - Answer-the owner of
the Panopticon
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