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NURS 5315 UTA EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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NURS 5315 UTA EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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NURS 5315 UTA EXAM 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERSHIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - Answers- can use urine, saliva, or serum
(most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99%
accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - Answers- Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close
to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - Answers- Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - Answers- Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or
adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or
anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - Answers- Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - Answers- Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Chemotactic factors - Answers- Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the
site of inflammation
Neutrophils - Answers- Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute
inflammation
Monocytes - Answers- Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for
presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - Answers- Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes
and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - Answers- Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - Answers- Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
, Cytokine growth factor function - Answers- Promotes production and maturation of
neutrophils
Complement - Answers- Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Atopic disorders - Answers- Genetic Type 1 hypersensitivity, asthma, hay fever,
eczema, urticaria
Type 2 hypersensitivity - Answers- E. Antibodies directed against fixed antigens on the
plasma membrane of cells
C.M. Varies depending on alloimmune or autoimmune
Alloimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - Answers- When an individuals immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
Blood transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, chills, low back
pain, dark urine, hives, itching, SOB
Rh incompatibility- hemolytic disease of newborn with jaundice, give Rhogam within 72
hours of birth (Rh- mother with Rh+ child)
Autoimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - Answers- A breakdown of tolerance in
which the bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against thyroid cells- bind to thyroid cells and
mimic action of TSH, increases secretion of thyroxine
Myasthenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine bind to the post synaptic
receptors and inhibit synaptic transmission of acetylcholine. Leads to muscle weakness
and paralysis (mind to ground)
Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind with myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous
system, triggering the immune response. Causes demyelination of the peripheral nerves
and a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
Type III hypersensitivity - Answers- Widespread immune and inflammatory response
not specified for any cell or tissue. SLE, RA
Antibodies are formed against and bind to circulating antigens, antigen-antibody
complex deposits in vessel walls or tissue. Causes cellular and tissue damage. IgG and
IgM response, spread via circulation- not specific to a cell or tissue- widespread
damage.
Type IV hypersensitivity - Answers- T-cell lymphocyte mediated reaction that does not
require antibody activation. Delayed response- 24-72 hours.
Contact dermatitis- poison ivy, topical drugs, chemicals such as nickel or formaldehyde.
Antigens too small to cause a reaction bind to proteins, response includes rash, red
bumps, itching, and blisters.
Reactive tuberculin test- PPD cause and induration in 24-72 if person was previously
exposed to tuberculin antigen
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