Clinical Pharmacology Made Ridiculously Simple
Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Latest
Update 2024/2025.
What is the best way to develop a story about a drug? - ANSWER The best way to develop a
story about a drug is to associate, ask and predict.
Associate - ANSWER ...Each drug class w/ information that you already know about the drugs.
Ask - ANSWER ...yourself why some drugs are administered as pills and others as shots, dosages
etc.
Predict - ANSWER ...The actions, clinical uses, side effects and drug interactions of each drug
based solely on its mechanism of action.
Formulation of A Drug - ANSWER This can be for oral, intravenous or other forms of
administration and it depends on the following five factors:
1. The Barriers that the drug is capable of passing
2. The setting in which the drug will be used
3. The urgency of the medical situation
4. The Stability of the Drug
5. The First Pass Effect
The Barriers That the Drug is Capable of Passing - ANSWER This is one of the five factors that
needs to be taken into consideration when choosing the formulation of a drug.
Intravenous drugs go directly into the blood stream vs oral preparations myst pass through the wall of
the GI tract and the blood vessel walls b/f entering the blood stream.
The Setting in Which the Drug is Used - ANSWER This is one of the five factors that needs to be
taken into consideration when choosing the formulation of a drug.
IV drugs may make sense in a hospital but not in a home setting when it comes to the administration of
asprin. These things need to be considered.
The Urgency of the Medical Sitation - ANSWER This is one of the five factors that needs to be
taken into consideration when choosing the formulation of a drug.
When there is an emergency we may need faster acting drugs and may use IV when oral could otherwise
be used.
The Stability of the Drug - ANSWER This is one of the five factors that needs to be taken into
consideration when choosing the formulation of a drug.
, Drugs which are denatured by acid are not good candidates for oral preparations b/c the stomach has a
pH=2.
The First Pass Effect - ANSWER This is one of the five factors that needs to be taken into
consideration when choosing the formulation of a drug.
Blood from the GI tract first passes through the liver b/f entering any other organs and some if not all of
the drugs carried could be metabolized here. This makes some agents useless when administered orally.
Intravenous Drugs - ANSWER These are drugs that enter the blood stream directly.
Emergency situations may call for administration of this type of drugs when ordinarily another route may
be taken.
This only works for soluble drugs, insoluble drugs cannot be formulated in this way.
Oral Preparations - ANSWER These are drugs that must pass through the walls of the GI tract
and the blood vessel walls b/f entering the blood stream. Because of passage through the GI tract, drugs
which are denatured by acid will not be administered by this route.
Routes of Drug Administration - ANSWER These are the many different ways to get drugs into
the system:
-Oral (PO)
-Sublingual
-Rectal (PR)
-Inhalation
-Topical
-Transdermal
There are also three parenteral which are:
-Intravenous (IV)
-Intramuscular (IM)
-Subcutaneous (SubQ or SC)
Oral (PO) - ANSWER This is a drug administration technique that is the most compatible way of
administering drugs that are self administered. These agents must be able to w/stand the acid in the
stomach and must permeate the gut lining b/f entering the blood stream.
For drugs administered in this way gastric emptying and intestinal motility mat affect absorption.
Sublingual - ANSWER This is a drug administration technique that allows for good absorption
through the capillary bed under the tongue. These drugs are easily self-administered and b/c the
stomach is bypassed, acid-lability and gut permeability are not considered.
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