Portage learning pathophysiology NURS 231/BIOD 331
final exam Questions And Answers Already A Graded.
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking
folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and
wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease
early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to
detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure
and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease
has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or
deterioration- certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the
risk of a future event or death. - ANSWERDefine primary, secondary, and tertiary
prevention and give an example of each.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract
"the way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research. -
ANSWERWhy is evidence-based practice important?
All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the functional
components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma
membrane. - ANSWERWhat are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA. - ANSWERWhat is the function of the nucleus?
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope - ANSWERName 3 structures within the
nucleus.
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function. -
ANSWERWhat is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical
agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or
deficiencies. - ANSWERName the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or acquired
defects (occurring after birth). - ANSWERWhat are the 2 types of risk factors?
Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology
is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. - ANSWERWhat is the
difference between morphology and histology?
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness.
A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size. - ANSWERDescribe the difference between signs
,and symptoms and give an example of each.
The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests. - ANSWERWhat are 3 important processes when coming
to a diagnosis?
Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how likely
the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a
disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the disease
who are negative on a given test. - ANSWERExplain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and
specificity.
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age,
race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location. - ANSWERDefine epidemiology
and name some things that it tracks.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time.
Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time. -
ANSWERWhat is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one's life. Mortality statistics deal with the cause of
death in a population. - ANSWERDefine mortality and morbidity.
,The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes. - ANSWERWhat organelles are located in the
cytoplasm?
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has
ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does not
have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis. -
ANSWERWhat are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly
termed the "power plants" of the cell, as they transform organic compounds (energy in
food) into cellular energy for the cell. - ANSWERWhat is the function of the lysosomes,
peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement. - ANSWERWhat
is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
, Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in
the upper respiratory system. In the human body, only spermatozoa contain flagella. -
ANSWERGive examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
The cell membrane controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within,
binds hormone receptors, helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and
muscle cells, and aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. - ANSWERWhat
are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?
In complex organisms, cells develop special functions, contribute to growth, and adapt
to changes. Cells must have the ability to communicate with one another, transport
substances in and out, and respond to these changes. - ANSWERWhy do cells need to
communicate with one another?
Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signaling - ANSWERName the 4 types of
cell signaling.
Every cell has a distinct set of surface receptors that allow it to respond to signaling
molecules in a specific way. These proteins can increase or decrease in number
according to the needs of the cell. When there are too many chemical messengers
present, the number of active receptors decreases in a process called down-regulation.
When the messengers are lacking, the number of active receptors increases through
up-regulation. - ANSWERKnow the process of up and down regulation.
G-protein-linked receptors - largest number, on/off switch, outside of cell
Enzyme linked - bind outside of cell, activates associated domain with enzyme activity
ion-channel linked - nerve and muscle cells, open/close ion channels -
ANSWERUnderstand the 3 types of receptor proteins.
Diffusion is the process by which electrolytes move from an area of higher concentration
on one side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side.
Facilitated diffusion uses a transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large molecules
pass through the membrane, that otherwise would not be able to get through. Active
transport is used when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical
gradient. - ANSWERExplain diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
The most studied active transport system is the sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase
pump. The pump moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular region and
returns potassium to the inside of the cell. If this process didn't occur, sodium would
remain in the cell and water would follow, causing the cell to swell. - ANSWERWhat is
the most important active transport system and why is it important?
Endocytosis occurs when a molecule outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of
the cell membrane forming a vesicle inside the cell. It includes pinocytosis and
phagocytosis. Pinocytosis, or "cell drinking," engulfs small solid or fluid particles, as
seen with proteins and electrolytes. Phagocytosis means "cell eating" and engulfs and
