©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/05/2024 1:06 AM
Penn Foster Pharmacology Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Adverse drug event - answer✔harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventive intervention. It
could be due to a medication error or adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reaction - answer✔an undesirable response to a drug by a patient. It may vary in severity
from mild to fatal
Agonist - answer✔a drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor
antagonist - answer✔a drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor
compounding - answer✔any medication preformed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the
manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product
drug - answer✔a substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
efficacy - answer✔the extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient
extralabel use - answer✔the use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the US Food and Drug
Administration approved label
half-life - answer✔the amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced
by 50%
manufacturing - answer✔the bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the veterinarian-client-
patient relationship
metabolism - answer✔the biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is
inactive or that can be eliminated from the body
parenteral - answer✔the route of administration of injectable drugs
partition coefficient - answer✔the ration of the solubility of substances between two states in which
they may be found
prescription (legend) drug - answer✔a drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian
because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations
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regimen - answer✔a program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose, the
frequency, and the duration of administration
residue - answer✔an amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products at a particular point
veterinarian-client-patient relationship - answer✔the set of circumstances that must exist between the
veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate
withdrawal time - answer✔the length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue or
products after it is no longer used
indications - answer✔the reasons for using drugs
contraindications - answer✔reasons for not using drugs
pharmacokinetics - answer✔plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another
pharmacodynamics - answer✔the action or effect of one drug is altered by another
list common sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine - answer✔plants, materials, animals,
laboratories
diagnostic method - answer✔involves assessment of a patient, including a history, physical examination,
laboratory test, and other diagnostic procedures to arrive at a specific diagnosis
empirical method - answer✔calls on the use of practical experience and common sense when the drug
choice is made
for veterinarian-client-patient relationship to occur conditions must be met - answer✔the vet has
assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the health of the animal and the need for
treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the vet's instructions; the vet has sufficient knowledge of
the animal to issue a diagnosis, the vet must have seen the animal recently; the vet must be available for
follow up evaluation
technician important responsibilities in caring out written orders to administer drugs - answer✔correct
drug, correct route, correct time, observing animal's response to the drug, questioning any medication
orders that are not clear, creating and affixing labels to medication containers accurately, expaining
administration instructions to clients, recording appropriate information in the record
over the counter drugs - answer✔drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic or that do not
require administration in special ways that do not require the supervision of a vet
describe the events that occur after a drug is administered - answer✔it is available for absorption into
the bloodstream where the drug may bind with plasma protein or stay in the free state. The blood then
distributes it to the capillary level where the drug goes into the interstitial fluid. the interstitial fluid
coats the cell or binds with surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell and moves back to the
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interstitial fluid where it reenters circulation and is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys to be
excreted
List and describe the routes used for administration of drugs - answer✔intravenous (IV)- IV produces
most rapid onset accompanied by the shortest duration
Intramuscular (IM)- IM produces slower onset of action but longer duration of action
Subcutaneous (SC)- SQ produces slower onset of action but slightly longer duration than IM
Intradermal (ID)- primarily for testing for tuberculosis and allergies
Intraperitoneal (IP) -> abdominal cavity; used to administer fluids, blood, and other medications when
normal routes are not available
Intaarterial (IA) -> artery; seldom used
Intraarticular -> joint; used primarily to treat inflammatory conditions of the joint
Intacardiac -> chest wall directly into chambers of heart- provides immediate access to the bloodstream
and ensures that the drug is delivered quickly to all tissues
Intramedullary -> directly into bone marrow; bones most used are femur and humerus; used to provide
blood or fluids to animals with very small or damaged veins or for treatment of animals with very low
blood pressure
Epidural/subdural -> epidural: outside the dura mater but inside the spinal canal
Subdural-> inside the dura mater (also called intrathecal route)
biotransformation - answer✔the body's ability to change a drug from the form in which it was
administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body
list common chemical reactions involved in biotransformation - answer✔Oxidation- loss of electrons
Reduction- gain of electrons
Hydrolysis- splitting of the drug molecule and addition of a water molecule to each of the split portions
Conjugation- the addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule
factors that alter drug metabolism - answer✔species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health
status
kidneys excrete drugs by - answer✔Glomerular filtration: glomerulus acts like a sieve to filter drug
metabolites from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which is eliminated as urine
Tubular secretion- kidney tubule cells secrete metabolites from the capillaries surrounding the tubule
and into the glomerular filtrate, which becomes urine
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list routes of drug excretion - answer✔kidneys, liver(bile->small intestines->fecal), lungs(gas goes
through blood-> alveoli-> expired air),
Some may be actively secreted across the intestinal mucosa into the intestine for elimination,
Some drugs are eliminated through sweat and saliva
affinity - answer✔the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor
partial agonist - answer✔a drug with less affinity and efficacy
examples of drug effects - answer✔stimulation, depression, irritation, cell death
drug-response curve - answer✔displays the relationship between the dose of a drug and the body's
response
potency - answer✔the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired response
therapeutic index - answer✔relationship between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect and its
tendency to produce toxic effects
LD50/ED50
pharmaceutic - answer✔physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a
syringe or other container
mechanisms of drug interations - answer✔pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutic
chemical drug name - answer✔the name that describes the molecular structure of a drug
code or laboratory drug name - answer✔the name given to a drug by the research and development
investigators
compendial drug name - answer✔the name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia
official drug name - answer✔usually the same as the compendial or generic name
proprietary or trade name - answer✔the name chosen by the manufacturing company
generic drug name - answer✔the common name chosen by the company
list the item s that should be included on a drug label - answer✔name, concentration, quantity, name
and address of the manufacturer, controlled substance status, manufacturer's control or lot number,
expiration date, instruction for use, warnings or possible adverse side effects, concentration
list the steps in gaining approval for a new drug - answer✔preliminary trials, preclinical (animal safety)
trials, clinical trials, submission of a new animal drug application, final review by the FDA, product
monitoring
