MCB 2210 Exam 1 Questions With Correct
Answers
Cell theory - answer-everything has 1+ cells
-cells=basic unit of living
-cells require preexisting cells to arise
Central dogma processes - answer1-activation
2-transcription
3-processing
4-translation (in cytosol)
Protein folding gives rise ...
Protein folding gives rise to the following shapes - answer✔-enzymes (chemical rxns)
-structural proteins (organization)
-regulatory molecules (info)
How many different proteins does it take to make a cell? - answer✔p-1K-4K (477 in mycoplasma)
e: 30K (6,300 for simple)
Differential gene expression - answer✔-turning genes on and off
-uses transcription factors
Transcriptome - answer✔-genes that are being transcribed and translated
Signal Transduction pathways - answer✔response of a cell that is typically due to the cascades of
interactions between proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biochemicals
Protein placement in suspended cells - answer✔-spread throughout the circle
-specific locations in cells on a surface
Epigenetics - answer✔-inherited changes in the genetic potential of the cell w/o underlying genetic
changes
-via methylation of cytosines (switch off) and acetylation of histones (switch on)
Nucleoid - answer✔area in which circular DNA is concentrated
Capsule found in ECM - answer✔-lipopolysaccharide
-cell wall
Where are the ribosomes in prokaryotes? - answer✔cytosol
Plant and Algae additional components - answer✔-chloroplasts
-cell walls (cellulose)
Common ancestor cell - answer✔-theorized due to fundamentals of life processes in DNA, RNA, protein,
and metabolic pathways
-gave rise to archaea and bacteria
Archae gave rise to______ - answer✔eukaryotes
First cell arising - answer✔-soup of org materials
-polynucleotides formed (RNA)
-lipid bilayers formed
-occurred 05/1billion years ago
-DNA evolved as a storage medium for info, proteins became catalysts, and RNA is an intermediary
Symbiosis - answer✔-evolved from prokaryotes involving internalization of other components
Generalist - answer✔single-celled organisms (such as protists paramecium), cells that can do it all,
typically more complex that multicellular organisms
Multicellular development - answer✔multicellular organisms where the cells are specialized and limited
in their range of function, this kind of development allows for larger and more complex organisms
Morphogenesis - answer✔coordinated movement and reorganization of cells, seen in the fetal stage
after continued proliferation
Cell differentiation - answer✔each cell has the same set of genes, however different cells express
different genes allowing for the generation of unique cell types and behaviors
How many cells in humans - answer✔50 trillion (made of 200-250 different types)
Dictyostelium - answer✔single-celled amoeboid protest that can transform into a multicellular organism
by active intercellular signaling, form slugs and fruiting bodies
Myxobacteria - answer✔prokaryote that can form multicellular organism (swarms or fruiting bodies)
Primary cells - answer✔non-cancerous/non-transformed cells, can be isolated and cultured to study;
examples=neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neurons
Transformed cells - answer✔cancerous cells, can continuously in culture and used to study important
processes as these cell lines duplicate key features of normal cells; ex=HeLa cells
Light microscopy - answer✔limited in contrast, magnification, and resolving power, used to see objects
>200nm
Transmitted light microscopy - answer✔white light passes through the specimen before being collected,
cells are typically transparent and need to be colored to provide contrast
Contrast - answer✔difference in intensity between an object and its background
Techniques to enhance contrast - answer✔phase contrast, phase contrast, differential interference
contrast (DIC), chemical stains
Magnification - answer✔amount you blow up the initial image, dependent on the lens
Resolution - answer✔how far apart two objects have to be to be seen as separate objects, how much
detail can you make out, dependent upon the properties of light and how it interacts with the specimen,
determined by wavelength and numerical aperture
Shorter wavelength= - answer✔better resolution
Numerical aperture - answer✔width of the light-cone the object gathers
Resolution of conventional light microscopes =_____ the wavelength of the light being used -
answer✔50%
Airy Patterns - answer✔diffracted light circles
Low numerical aperture - answer✔"fatter" airy disks, larger airy patterns, unresolved airy disks that
mesh skewing the actual size of the object
High numerical aperture - answer✔"thinner" airy disks, higher resolution
How will an object of 200nm or smaller appear? - answer✔200nm regardless of actual cells because
objects that are smaller cannot be separately resolved
Epifluorescence Microscopy - answer✔dramatically improves contrast and allows specific structures to
be labeled, specific molecules glow brightly against a dark background, uses a filter that lets through
only one kind of wavelength
Fluorescence - answer✔when a molecule absorbs light of one wavelength and re-emits it at a longer
wavelength, uses fluorophores
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