1. What is the purpose of the plasma mem- barrier - keeps inside stuff in
brane? the cell and outside stuff out-
side the cell
2. How does the sodium potassium pump activate transport of Na/K: ex-
work? change for each other across
cell membrane
3. Where are sodium ions in greater concen- outside
tration when the sodium potassium pump
is working?
4. Where are potassium ions in greater con- inside
centration when the sodium potassium
pump is working?
5. When the sodium potassium pump is not Na stays inside cell, K stays
working, where are the potassium and sodi- outside - leads to cellular dys-
um ions? function
6. What is the purpose of mitochondria? energy producer
7. What kind of metabolism is required for aerobic - with oxygen
mitochondria?
8. Mitochondria has its own unique what? DNA - which is different from
what is in the cell's nucleus
9. What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum? synthesizes lipids
10. What is rough endoplasmic reticulum? rough due to ribosomes
transports proteins
11. What happens in the ribosomes? protein synthesis
12. What decreases protein synthesis activity? lack of O2 - hypoxia
(ribosomes do not produce
enough proteins)
13. What is the purpose of the cell nucleus? mastermind
, Patho NUR 280 - Exam 1
14. What happens in the nucleus related to replication - transcription
DNA?
15. What is DNA made up of? nucleotides such as purine
and pyrimidine bases
16. What is the difference between transcrip- Transcription occurs in the
tion and translation? cell nucleus - DNA helix un-
winds/separates ---> single
strand RNA.
mRNA - instructions
tRNA - amino acids per in-
structions
Translation occurs in the ribo-
somes; protein!!
17. What is mRNA? messenger; type of RNA that
carries instructions from DNA
in the nucleus to the ribo-
some
18. What is tRNA? transfer RNA; type of RNA
that carries amino acids to
the ribosome
19. What is rRNA? ribosomal RNA; type of RNA
that makes up part of the ri-
bosome
20. What causes cellular injury? lots of different agents that
harm the cell
21. How do cells cope in the short term? maintain homeostasis
22. What do cells develop in cel injury in the Cells develop either adap-
long term? tive or maladaptive changes.
, Patho NUR 280 - Exam 1
Overwhelming insult causes
cell death
23. What are adaptive changes? atrophy, hypertrophy, hyper-
plasia, metaplasia
24. What is atrophy? smaller cell size - paralysis
causes shrinkage of skeletal
muscle
25. What is hypertrophy? bigger cell size - heart mus-
cle cell enlarges because of
hypertension
26. What is hyperplasia? more cells (increased num-
ber) - estrogen stimulates
breast cell growth in pregnan-
cy
27. What is metaplasia? change in one cell type
for another - GERD causes
esophageal cells to be re-
placed by stomach lining cell
28. What are examples of maladaptive dysplasia, neoplasia
changes?
29. What is dysplasia? deranged cell growth - cervi-
cal cell dysplasia on a pap
smear
30. What is neoplasia? new growth - tumor
31. What is benign neoplasia? resemble normal cells,
well differentiated,
well-defined borders,
non-cancerous,
capsulated,
slow growing,
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