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BMS 301 TAP EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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BMS 301 TAP EXAM QUESTIONSAND VERIFIED ANSWERS
List three functional activities of the bony vertebral column - ANSWER
Provide support to the head and upper limb
Posture
Protective
Describe the unique structural characteristics of each of the five vertebral
segments - ANSWER Cervical: (7) bifid spinous processes, transverse
foreman, small vertebral body
Thoracic: (12) costal facets: articulations for ribs, longer spinous processes
Lumbar: (5) large vertebral body, no costal facets, smaller spinous processes
Sacral: (5) fuse, holes: anterior/posterior sacral foreman where the spinal nerves
enter/leave
Describe the general articulations between adjacent vertebra - ANSWER
Superior/Inferior articulating processes (adjacent vertebra): synovial joints,
plane/gliding
Intervertebral disks: cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
Describe the unique articulations of C1-skull and C1-C2 - ANSWER C1-
Skull: atlanto-occipital
joint, synovial, "yes joint", hinge
C1-C2: Atlanto-axial joint, C2 has dens (tooth-like), rotational joint, "no joint"
synovial
Describe the curves of the vertebral column & associated pathologies -
ANSWER In utero: no curves
4-6 months: cervical curve
10-14 months: cervical curve, lumbar curve
Scoliosis: lateral curvature
Kyphosis: "hunch back", exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curvature, large belly pulls vertebra anteriorly
, ***List five ligaments of the vertebral column, their positions and functions -
ANSWER Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ant. vertebra): broad, continuous
from sacrum to skull, fxn: limit extension of vertebral column
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (post. vertebra): continuous from sacrum to
skull, fxn: limit flexion
Ligamenta Flava (run in between lamina) : not continuous
Interspinal ligaments (run in between spinous processes): not continuous
Supraspinal ligament (post. aspect of spinous processes): continuous from
sacrum to skull, turns into huchaligament which helps support the head
Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disks - ANSWER Circular structure
that lies in between each vertebra
Made up of annulus fibrousus with a nucleus propulsus in the middle
Describe what is meant by a "herniated disc" - ANSWER When the nucleus
propulsus bursts open usually in a posterior/lateral direction
The spinal nerve below the herniation is hurt
Understand the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles -
ANSWER Extrinsic mm: start in the back and have a target on upper limb
(vertebrae/ribs to upper limb), innervated by ventral rami
Intrinsic mm: innervated by dorsal rami, superficial group, intermediate group,
deep group
List the intrinsic mm by group - ANSWER Superficial group: splenius mm
Intermediate group: erector spinae mm 1. iliocostalis m 2. longissimus m 3.
spinalis m
Deep group: transversospinalis m
List attachments, actions, and nerve supply of Superficial group - ANSWER
A: spinous processes thoracic vertebra
B: transverse processes cervical vertebra
Action: together- extend vertebra column individual- laterally rotate cervical
region of the vertebral column
Inn: dorsal rami
List attachments, actions, and nerve supply of Intermediate group - ANSWER
A: Sacrum
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