BIOS 255 FINAL
Functions of blood - Answer- transportation, regulation, protection
components of blood - Answer- plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Figure 19.3 Origin, developement, and structure of blood cells - Answer-
blood clotting - Answer- thickened gel, this gel is serum which is blood plasma minus
the clotting proteins. It has insoluble protein fibers aka FIBRIN, which the formed
elements of blood are trapped.
Hemeostasis - Answer- sequence of responses that stops bleeding. when successful
will prevent hemorrhage.
Hemostatic response - Answer- must be quick, localized to the region of damage.
Three mechanisms to reduce blood loss: 1. vascular spasm. 2. platelet plug
formation. 3. blood clotting.
vascular spasm - Answer- damaged arteries or arterioles whose smooth muscle in
their walls contract immediately when damaged.
clogging factors within the platelets - Answer- ADP, ATP, Calcium, serotonin.
Enzymes that produce thromboxane A2, (a prostaglandin), fibrin-stablilizing factor,
lysosomes, michochondraia, membrane systems that take up and store calcium and
provide a channel release of granules, and glycogen, PDGF (platelet derived growth
factor), fibroblasts.
platelet plug formation - Answer- platelets stick to parts of the damaged blood
vessel, collaged fibers of CT aka Platelet adhesion. 2. platelets become activated
and characteristics change. Platelets. Platelets release their contents known as
"platelet release reaction". Liberated ADP and thromboxane A2 which activate
serotonin and thromboxane A2 (which act as a vasoconstrictor) to decrease blood
flow. 3. Release of ADP makes other platelets sticky, and the stickiness causes them
to adhere to the originally activated platelets. This gathering is called "Platelet
aggregation". This huge gathering then turns into the "platelet plug"
Coagulation - Answer- process of blood clotting
Process of blood clotting - Answer- chemical reactions that that culminate the
formation of fibrin threads.
clotting factors - Answer- calcium ions, inactive enzymes that are synthesized by
HEPATOCYTES (liver cells) and released into the bloodstream, molecules
associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues.
extrinsic pathway - Answer- occurs rapidly, tissue trauma, release of TF (tissue
factor protein, or thromboplastin) leaks into the blood from cells outside the blood
,vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase. In presence of calcium, TF
begins a sequence of reactions that activates clotting factor X. Which then factor X
combines with factor V in presence of calcium to form active enzyme
PROTHROMBINASE to complete the extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway - Answer- occurs slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood
or contained within the blood. Damaged endothelial cells, blood can come in contact
with collagen fibers in the CT. Trauma to endothelium blood cells causes damage to
platelets, which release phospholipids by the platelets. Contact with collagen fibers
activates clotting factor XII, which begins a sequence of reactions that activates
clotting factor X.Platelet phospholipids and calcium help in activation of factor X.
Factor X combines with factor V to form active enzyme PROTHROMBINASE to
complete intrinsic pathway.
The common pathway - Answer- the formation of prothrombinase marks the
beginning of the common pathway for both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
PROTHROMBINASE AND CALCIUM catalyze the conversion of prothrombin and
thrombin in the second stage. The 3rd stage thrombin in the presence of calcium,
converts fibrinogen, to lose fibrin threads. Thrombin activates factor XIII (fibrin
stabilizer), to strengthen and stabilize the fibrin threads into a study clot.
Fibrinogen - Answer- I, sourced from liver and part of the common pathway
Prothrombin - Answer- II, sourced from liver, part of the common pathway
TF or tissue factor "thromboplastin" - Answer- III, sourced from damage tissues and
activated platelets. Part of the Extrinsic pathway
Calcium ions - Answer- IV, sourced from diet, bones and platelets, part of all
(extrinsic, intrinsic, and common) pathways
proaacelerin or AcG (accelerator globulin) - Answer- V, sourced from liver and
platelets, part of Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA) - Answer- Factor VII, sourced
from liver, part of the Extrinsic pathway
AHF or anithemphilic factor or AHG anti hemophilic globulin - Answer- factor VIII,
sourced from the liver, part of the intrinsic pathway
Chrismas factor, plasma thrompoplastin (PTC) - Answer- factor IX, sourced from
liver, and part of the intrinsic pathway
stuart factor, prower factor or thrombokinase - Answer- factor X, sourced from liver,
part of the Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway
PTA (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) - Answer- factor XI, sourced from Liver,
and part of the intrinsic pathway
, Hageman factor, glass factor, contact factor - Answer- factor XII, sourced from liver,
part of the intrinsic pathway
FSF Fibrin stabilize factor - Answer- factor XIII, sourced from liver and platelets, part
of the common pathway
prothrombiniase (prothrombin activator) - Answer- is a combo of activated factor V
and X
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms - Answer- -Involve continuous monitoring and
regulation of many factors (variables)
-Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses
and hormones
fibrinolytic system - Answer- dissolves small, inappropriate clots; it also dissolves
clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
Fibrinolysis - Answer- dissolution or break down of a clot
Plasminogen - Answer- an inactive plasma enzyme, which is incorporated into the
clot.
Plasmin or fibrinolysis - Answer- an active plasma enzyme from body tissues and
blood.
Prostacylclin (prostaglandin) - Answer- mechanism that controls blood clotting.
Produced by endothelial cells and white blood cells. It is a powerful inhibitor of
platelet adhesion and release. It opposes the actions of thromboxane A2
Anticoagulants - Answer- delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting
antithrombin - Answer- blocks the action of several factors (XII,X and II) prothrombin.
another blood clot preventative
Heparin - Answer- anticoagulant produced by mast cells, basophils, and combines
with antithrombin
Activated protein C (APC) - Answer- anticoagulant, inactivated the two major clotting
factors not blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators.
Babies that lack to produce APC, will die of blood clots.
operation of atrioventricular valves or AV - Answer- the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
When the AV valve is open, the rounded ends of the cusps project into the ventricle.
When relaxed the papillary muscles are relaxed, the chord tendineae are slack and
blood moves from a higher pressure in the atria to a lower pressure in the ventricles
through open AV valves. When ventricles contract, the pressure of blood drives the
cusps upward until their edges meet and close the opening. papillary muscles
contract which pulls on and tightens the chord tendineae.
