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CLEP Western Civilization 1 Exam Study Guide Solutions The Fertile Crescent - ANSWER-An area of river valleys in the Near East where conditions are optimum for crop production. The Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) - ANSWER-The age in which humans lived as nomads in small communities, hunting an...

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CLEP Western Civilization 1 Exam Study

Guide Solutions


The Fertile Crescent - ANSWER✔✔-An area of river valleys in the Near East where conditions are

optimum for crop production.


The Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) - ANSWER✔✔-The age in which humans lived as nomads in small

communities, hunting and gathering fruits for food and using fire and crude stone implements.


The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) - ANSWER✔✔-The age in which stone tools were refined, animals

were domesticated, and agriculture was developed as people transitioned from a nomadic to a more

settled way of life.


The Bronze Age - ANSWER✔✔-The age in which cities were developed, and tools were increasingly made

out of metal alloys rather than stone. Irrigation and writing began to be developed during this time.


Sumer (Mesopotamia) - ANSWER✔✔-The area within the Tigris-Euphrates river valley.


Akkadians - ANSWER✔✔-A semi-nomadic people, who spoke a Semitic language. Migrated from the

deserts west of Mesopotamia and settled in the Tigris-Euphrates valley during the 4th millennium B.C.E.


King Sargon - ANSWER✔✔-An Akkadian king (2371-2316 B.C.E., approximate) who led the Akkadians in

conquering Sumerian city-states. Established an empire that unified Mesopotamia and reached beyond

it into the Iranian plateau and as far west as Lebanon. His dynasty ruled Akkad and Sumer for about 200

years.




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The Third Dynasty of Ur - ANSWER✔✔-Around 2100 B.C.E., the Sumerian city of Ur rose up in revolt

against the Akkadian rule. The attained control of Mesopotamia and ruled for about 100 years.


Amorites - ANSWER✔✔-Re-unified Mesopotamia, and established their capital at Babylon, on the

Euphrates. The Amorites (Old Babylonian Dynasty) ruled for about 300 years, from around 1900-1600

B.C.E.


Hammurabi - ANSWER✔✔-(1792-1750 B.C.E., approximate) The greatest king of the Old Babylonian

Dynasty. Famous for his law code. Claimed to be a representative of the gods.


Hammurabi's Code - ANSWER✔✔-A law code that attempted to stabilize the hierarchical society.

Presented like a pyramid: the slaves at the bottom, freemen such as peasants and merchants next,

warrior aristocracy and priesthood, and the king at the top. Known for, "An eye for an eye, and a tooth

for a tooth." Dealt with legislation regarding the family, ownership of land, and commercial transactions.


Hittites - ANSWER✔✔-From Anatolia (Asia Minor). Attacked the Old Babylonian Empire around 1600

B.C.E. and plundered them.


Kassites - ANSWER✔✔-From the region that is now Iran. Attacked the Old Babylonian Empire around

1600 B.C.E. and established themselves as rulers for 300 years.


Hurrians - ANSWER✔✔-Established the kingdom of Mitanni in the upper Tigris-Euphrates valley around

1500 B.C.E. which lasted for 100 years, until they were conquered by the Hittites.


Cuneiform - ANSWER✔✔-The earliest form of writing, made by wedge-shaped marks impressed on clay

tables using a stylus. Initially pictographs (representing objects), but later included ideograms

(representing ideas). Began around 3000 B.C.E.




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Ziggurats - ANSWER✔✔-Multi-level, pyramid-like constructions by the people of Mesopotamia.

Demonstrate practical engineering skills.


Gilgamesh - ANSWER✔✔-A Sumerian epic poem inscribed around 2000 B.C.E. on twelve cuneiform

tablets. Describes the quest of the hero Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, in search of immortality. Includes an

account of a great flood.


Enuma Elish - ANSWER✔✔-A Sumerian epic poem describing the story of creation.


The Egyptian Archaic Period - ANSWER✔✔-The first two dynasties of Egypt governed from about 3100-

2700 B.C.E. Unified the Nile Valley. Under centralized government, the economy was carefully planned

and agriculture was efficient.


The Old Kingdom - ANSWER✔✔-The Old Kingdom in Egypt lasted from about 2700-2200 B.C.E., during

the 3rd to the 6th dynasties, when the power of the pharaohs was supreme. Pharaohs were viewed as

gods. The greatest pyramids were constructed at this time, particularly during the 4th dynasty. The belief

in an afterlife for the pharaohs led to the practice of embalming, or mummification.


The First Intermediate Period - ANSWER✔✔-From about 2200-2050 B.C.E., the pharaohs in Egypt failed

to assert their power effectively, and in this way the nobles gained control of the government. The

decentralization of power led to civil wars between the nobles, or "nomarchs," and to the lack of

coordination in agriculture which resulted in widespread famine.


The Middle Kingdom - ANSWER✔✔-From about 2050-1700 B.C.E., centralized government was restored

in Egypt under the 11th and 12th dynasties. However, the period of stability ended when foreigners,

known as the Hyksos, invaded the Nile Delta and conquered the Egyptian army.




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