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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS

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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS TOF steps - ANSWER-1) ionisation 2) acceleration 3) ion drift 4) detection 5) analysis Electron impact - ANSWER-Sample vaporised and electron gun fires high energy electrons at it which knock off 1 electron from each particle, making them ...

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  • November 10, 2024
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AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1

STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS


TOF steps - ANSWER✔✔-1) ionisation


2) acceleration


3) ion drift


4) detection


5) analysis


Electron impact - ANSWER✔✔-Sample vaporised and electron gun fires high energy electrons at it which

knock off 1 electron from each particle, making them 1+ ions


NB- can knock off more than one e or break molecular ion


electrospray ionization - ANSWER✔✔-Sample dissolved in volatile solvent then injected through needle

to give fine mist which is attached to positive end of high voltage power supply, particles gain proton


NB- Mr of substance is actually one less than shown due to extra H+


Acceleration (TOF) - ANSWER✔✔-positive ions accelerated using electric field so they all have the same

kinetic energy


Ion drift (TOF) - ANSWER✔✔-particles with small mass have larger velocity do ions start to separate with

lightest ions reaching detector first




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Detection (TOF) - ANSWER✔✔-positive ions hit negatively charged plate and gain an electron which

forms a current, the larger the current the higher the abundance


Analysis (TOF) - ANSWER✔✔--computer uses data to produce mass spectrum which shows mass m /

charge z ratio


-mr or ar is furthest right peak (small peaks larger than mr are due to isotopes)


-may be large peaks at lower mr due to fragmentation


Electron spin - ANSWER✔✔-Property of electron (CW or ACW)


Represented by up and down arrows


Orbitals - ANSWER✔✔-Defined regions of space around nucleus where electrons most likely to be found,

each orbital holds 2 electrons


Hund's Rule - ANSWER✔✔-Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals on their own and only pair up when no

empty or bait ask of same energy are available


Electron configuration - ANSWER✔✔-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d10


exceptions to electron configuration - ANSWER✔✔-chromium and copper, only take one electron in 4s

orbital


Why does ionization energy decrease down a group? - ANSWER✔✔-Atoms get bigger so electrons

further away from nucleus, greater shielding


Why does ionization energy increase across a period? - ANSWER✔✔-Atoms get smaller, nuclear charge

increases, similar shielding




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