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NSG 522 Midterm test fully solved & updated 2024
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NSG 522 Midterm test fully solved & updated 2024
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NSG 522 Midterm test fullysolved & updated 2024
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states
and events in specific populations and the application of that knowledge
to the control of health problems
studies the nature, extend, and cause of public health problems; methods
of improving health and social conditions
Descriptive epidemiology
Focuses on the distribution of health related states and events;
distribution refers to the frequency and pattern of health related states
and events (who, where, when)
Frequency = number of events
Pattern = who where when
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Analytic epidemiology
Focuses on the determinants of health related states and events;
determinants refer to the causes of health related states and events
,Health related states and events
Diseases
Causes of death
Behaviors
Provision and use of health services
(Epidemiologists focus on all of these, not just diseases and injuries; they
study interventions that can improve health and prevent disease or
control disease and minimize it)
illness injury and disability ive
Epidemiologic transitions
Change in the pattern of disease, with social and economic development,
from infectious disease being the primary contributor of disease and
death to chronic diseases.
changes in population dynamics due to changes in mortality
Core epidemiological functions
1. Surveillance
2. Field investigations
3. Analytic studies
4. Evaluation
5. Linkages
6. Policy
efficacy
The outcomes of an intervention or program under ideal conditions such
as studying outcome in a research study
effectiveness
The outcomes in real world settings such as when a program is
implemented in a community or clinical setting
interventions can produce great outcomes in research settings but in real
world few people participate so there is low effectiveness
Public health
Focused on protecting the population from health charts
1. Health services
2. Epidemiology
3. Biostatistics
Distribution
, (Descriptive epidemiology)
refers to the frequency and pattern of health related states and events
Determinants
(Analytic epidemiology)
Refers to the physical , biological, cultural, economic and behavioral
factors that influence health
Variable
Any characteristic that can vary
Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated in a study to see if it affects the outcome
being studied.
Aka experimental, treatment, intervention
ex: type of antiHTN drug used in trial comparing antiHTN drugs
CAN ONLY BE ONE PER STUDY (if you have multiple interventions
implemented at same time, wouldn’t know which intervention caused the
outcome)
Dependent variable
The outcome variable(s)
In study of atiHTN drugs, the primary outcome variable would be BP
Many studies measure more than 1 (study can include measurement of
short term outcome of BP and long term outcome of frequency of MI,
stroke, age of death)
Conceptual definition
Defines or explains the concept (dictionary definition)
Ex: def of depression describes depression as mental disorder associated
with xyz (describes characteristics and experience to help reader
understand the disorder)
Operational definition
How the variable will be measured
Tells you what operations will be used to measure the concept
Ex: def of depression would provide guidance about how to measure or
diagnose depression (standardized instrument)
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