Cognitive Science Exam 3 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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Course
Cognitive Science
Institution
Cognitive Science
Cognitive Science Exam 3 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answer-Cognitive neuroscience is a relatively new scientific discipline that combines the study of cognitive and biological processes in the brain, primarily in humans, with a focus on how the brain implements c...
Cognitive Science Exam 3 Questions
And 100% Correct Answers
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answer-Cognitive neuroscience is a relatively new scientific
discipline that combines the study of cognitive and biological processes in the brain,
primarily in humans, with a focus on how the brain implements cognitive processes.
/.Dualism - Answer-A philosophical position that the mind and brain are made of
different substances. The traditional dualist view is that there is a physical brain and a
non-physical mind.
/.Reductionist Monism - Answer-A form of monism that proposes that the mind is
caused by physical processes in the brain, and that it is possible to understand the mind
in terms of the interaction of the brain's physical parts, e.g., the interaction of neurons.
/.Nonreductionist Monism - Answer-A form of monism that proposes that the mind is
caused by physical processes in the brain, but that it is not possible to fully understand
the mind in terms of the interaction of the brain's physical parts, e.g., the interaction of
neurons. Nonreductionist monists often suggest that there are emergent properties of
the mind that are more than the sum of interacting neurons.
/.Monism - Answer-A philosophical position that the mind and brain are made of the
same substance. The physicalist form of this position is that both mind and brain are
physical in nature, and that physical processes in the brain cause the mind.
/.Phrenology - Answer-A pseudoscientific belief system proposed in the 19th century
that assumes that an arbitrarily chosen set of human behavioral attributes (e.g., hope,
curiosity, aggressiveness) were each localized to a single cortical region. Modern
cognitive neuroscience seeks to study the variation in function of different neural areas
without repeating the mistakes of phrenology.
/.Localization of Function - Answer-The idea that different neural areas perform different
functions.
/.Cytoarchitectonic Map - Answer-A map of cortical regions categorized by the pattern of
stained neurons in each region when viewed under a microscope.
/.Neuron Doctrine - Answer-A central theory in neuroscience that the brain is composed
of cells called neurons that are the functional building blocks of the brain, and that
understanding brain function will require understanding how neurons communicate with
each other.
/.Glia - Answer-Brain cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.
, /.Blood-brain Barrier - Answer-Glial cells that filter the brain's blood supply, only letting
some molecules through.
/.Neurotransmitter - Answer-Chemical substances secreted by neurons at synapses,
and that bind to receptor sites in the synapse.
/.Action Potential - Answer-A voltage wave of a set size that is triggered in an all-or-
none manner at the axon hillock, and is actively propagated down the axon by the
opening and closing of voltage sensitive ion channels to the axon terminal, resulting in
release of neurotransmitter substance at the synapse.
/.Dendrite - Answer-Appendages of the neuron that contain neurotransmitter receptor
sites.
/.Axon - Answer-Appendage of the neuron that connects at the axon hillock and carries
action potentials to the synapses.
/.Axon Terminal - Answer-An end branching of the axon that usually forms a synapse
with the dendrites of another neuron, but other connections are possible.
/.Axon Hillock - Answer-Place on the neuron cell body that connects to the axon and
that triggers an action potential.
/.Myelin - Answer-Fatty covering of an axon formed by a specialized glial cell wrapping
around the axon. Acts to insulate axons to make action potentials propagate faster,
reduce the metabolic requirements of the neuron, and reduce cross-talk between axons.
/.Neural Plasticity - Answer-Structural changes in neurons, e.g., forming new synaptic
connections, related to experience.
/.Post-synaptic Potential (PSP) - Answer-Voltage wave initiated when a
neurotransmitter molecule binds at a receptor causing ion channels to open. May be
positive (Excitatory PSP, increases the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential)
or negative (inhibitory PSP, reduces likelihood neuron will fire an action potential)
depending on the electrical charge of the ions and their direction of flow in or out of the
neuron. If the sum total of all the PSPs when they reach the axon hillock reach a certain
threshold, and action potential will be triggered.
/.Frequency Coding - Answer-Because action potentials are all of a set size, they
cannot be varied in size by neurons to send different messages to each other. Instead,
neurons convey different information to each other by varying the rate or frequency of
firing action potentials. This variation in frequency is known as frequency coding.
/.Cerebrum - Answer-A hemisphere of the brain including the cortical surface (gray
matter), deep white matter tracts, and subcortical structures. Viewed by
neuroanatomists as separate from the brainstem and cerebellum.
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