PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions And Correct Answers.
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Course
PSYC 2700
Institution
PSYC 2700
Empiricism - Answer The philosophical position that advances observation and observation-derived data as the basis of all science
- Aristotle
Tabula Rasa - Answer A standard assumption of behaviourists that learning and experience imprint a record on blank slate; the assumption that lear...
PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
And Correct Answers.
Empiricism - Answer The philosophical position that advances observation and observation-derived
data as the basis of all science
- Aristotle
Tabula Rasa - Answer A standard assumption of behaviourists that learning and experience imprint a
record on blank slate; the assumption that learning, as opposed to innate factors, is the most important
factor in determining behaviour
- Aristotle
Just-Noticeable Differences - Answer The amount by which two stimuli must differ so that the
difference can be perceived
- Weber
Psychophysics - Answer The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the perceived
characteristics of those stimuli; the study of how perceptual experience differs from the physical
stimulation that is being perceived
- Fechner
Method of Subtraction - Answer Difference in reaction time is equal to the inferences about cognitive
processing
- Donders
Introspection - Answer The largely abandoned method of investigation in which subjects look inward
and describe their mental processes and thoughts
- Wundt
Structuralism - Answer The structure of the conscious mind; the sensations, images, feelings that are
the elements of consciousness. The first major school of psychological thought
,- Titchener
Memory Experiment (Ebbinghaus) - Answer He would learn a list (16 items) to an arbitrary criterion of
mastery (2 perfect recitations), and then set the list aside. On a later occasion he would relearn the same
list, noting how many fewer trials he needed in order to relearn the same list to the same criterion. His
measure of learning is these studies was the "saving score", the number (or proportion) of trials that had
been saved in his memory between the first and second sessions
Functionalism - Answer The functions of various mental and physical capacities were studied; informal
observations (opposite to structuralism)
- James (two forms of memory)
Behaviourism - Answer The organism's observable behaviour was the primary topic of interest, and the
learning of new stimulus - response associations, whether by classical conditioning or by reinforcement
principles, was deemed the most important kind of behaviour to study
- Watson (antimentalistic)
Organization of Behaviour - Answer Thinking, perception and learning in terms of events within the
central nervous system; interdisciplinary approach to the brain and behaviour
-Hebb
Four Interlocking Themes - Answer 1. Interdisciplinary approach
2. Reigning theories had insufficient breadth and were characterized by physiological naïveté
3. Emphasized internal mental processes such as attention; imaginary, expectancy and hypotheses
4. Neuropsychological theory with concrete predictions about real-world variables
- Hebb
Verbal Learning - Answer - The Branch of experimental psychology that dealt with human subjects as
they learned verbal material, stimuli composed of letters or sometimes words
- Empirical research with reference to introspection
- Atheoretical
- Underlying associations became the focus of research, rather than something to be avoided
, - Existing memory associations led to the reorganization of the words during recall
- Obvious evidence of processing occurring between stimulus and response
- Development of standard paradigms that are still used today
Linguistics - Answer Skinner
- Language use followed the same laws of learning that other guides other behaviour
- A reinforced response is expected to increase in frequency, a non-reinforced response should
extinguish, a response conditioned to a certain stimulus should be emitted to the same stimulus in the
future
Chomsky
- Applying behaviourism to language is only a metaphor, and only creates the illusion of scientific analysis
- Language is interested precisely because of what Skinner was trying to eliminate (mental events)
Assumptions of Cognition - Answer 1. Mental processes exist
2. Mental processes are implemented in the brain
3. Humans are active information processors
4. Mental processes can be studied scientifically
Channel Capacity - Answer An early analogy for the limited capacity of the human information
processing system
Computer Analogy - Answer Human information processing may be similar to the sequence of steps
and operations in a computer program, similar to the flow of information from input to output when a
computer processes information
The Standard Theory - Answer The model of human memory has three components:
- Sensory Memory: The initial mental storage system for sensory stimuli. There are presumably as many
modalities of sensory memory as there are kinds of stimulation that we can sense
- Short-Term Memory: The component of the human memory system that holds information for up to 20
seconds; the memory component where current and recently attended information is held; sometimes
loosely equated with attention and consciousness
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