PPNC Exam 2 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Fluid Volume Deficit - ANSWERSCaused by poor fluid intake and/or substantial fluid loss
- Can interfere with physiologic functions such as oxygen and nutrient transport, and delivery
- ↓ in circulating volume = ↓ in in cardiac output = ↓ pe...
Fluid Volume Deficit - ANSWERSCaused by poor fluid intake and/or substantial fluid loss
- Can interfere with physiologic functions such as oxygen and nutrient transport, and delivery
- ↓ in circulating volume = ↓ in in cardiac output = ↓ perfusion to organs and tissues
Isotonic Fluid Deficit - ANSWERSWater and sodium lost together
Hypertonic Fluid Deficit - ANSWERSLoss of more water than sodium
FVD Effects - ANSWERS- ↓ BP
- ↑ HR- dehydration
- Dry/scaly skin
- Turgor
- Flat veins
- BUN > 30
- Dark urine/oliguria (low urine output)
- Thirst
Fluid Volume Excess - ANSWERSCaused by greater fluid intake than output
- ↑ in circulating volume → ↓ oxygenation and perfusion to organs and tissues
Isotonic Gain - ANSWERSIncrease in ECF
,Hypotonic Gain - ANSWERS- Sodium loss greater than water loss
- Can lead to hyponatremia
Hypotonic Gain can be caused by - ANSWERS- Excessive fluid intake
- Excessive fluid retention
Effects of Hypotonic Gain - ANSWERS- Crackles
- Pulmonary edema
- BUN < 10
- Hypertension HTN
- Weight gain
- Acute renal failure
- Edema
- Thick veins
- Cool/pale skin
pH - ANSWERS7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - ANSWERS35-45mmHg
HCO3 - ANSWERS21-28 mmEq/L
PaO2 - ANSWERS80-100mmHg
SaO2 - ANSWERS95-100%
Chemical Buffering System - ANSWERSprimary mechanism for maintaining acid-base balance, very fast
response
, Phosphates correct acid/base balance in the urine
Respiratory System - ANSWERScontrols CO2, fast response
- Lungs control the amount of carbonic acid available by retaining or exhaling carbon dioxide
- ↓pH = ↑ Acidity = ↑ RR to excrete CO2
- ↑pH = ↑ Basicity = ↓ RR to retain CO2
Renal System - ANSWERScontrols HCO3 levels, slow response
- Kidneys neutralize more effectively than chemical buffers or lungs
- The renal system is the only one that removes excess H+ from the body
- ↑ pH = ↑ Basicity = ↑ kidney's excretion of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and reabsorption of hydrogen ions
(H+)to compensate.
- ↓ pH = ↑ Acidity = ↑ kidneys excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorption of bicarbonate
( HCO3-) to compensate
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWERS↓ pH ↑ PaCO2
Respiratory alkalosis - ANSWERS↑ pH ↓ PaCO2
Metabolic acidosis - ANSWERS↓ pH ↓ HCO3 (KB)
Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWERS↑ pH ↑ HCO3
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