1. accommodation - ANS-piaget's term for a learning process in which humans modify what
they already know to make room for new ideas or information.
2. anecdotal records - ANS-a qualitative assessment method in which children's behavior is
observed and recorded in a rich narrative.
3. assimilation - ANS-piaget's term for a learning process in which humans integrate new
ideas or information into what they already know about.
4. attention - ANS-a mental strategy in which learners consciously control what they focus
on, so they concentrate on only one or several of the most relevant phenomena at a
time.
5. autism - ANS-a condition characterized by a lack of awareness of others, a preference
for objects to people and an intense desire for sameness.
6. autonomy - ANS-Erickson's term for an emotional state, often acquired in toddlerhood, in
which children strive to be independent and separate from parents. children who are
overly restricted will feel shame and doubt.
7. behaviorist theory - ANS-a theory that holds that most of what humans become is
shaped by the environment.
8. case studies - ANS-a qualitative assessment method that involves, gathering in depth
information on an individual child or family and writing an extensive narrative profiling
development.
9. classical conditioning - ANS-a strategy for shaping behavior in which a neutral stimulus
is paired with a pleasurable one. eventually the subject responds in the same way to the
neutral stimulus as to the pleasurable one, even when the pleasurable stimulus is no
longer present.
10. cognitive development - ANS-mental development, including problem solving and
acquisition of knowledge.
11. cognitive- developmental theory - ANS-a theory of human development holding that
knowledge is actively constructed by the child and that active problem solving, social
interaction, and language are necessary for learning.
12. Collective Families - ANS-families that are more likely to collaborate in daily life,pooling
resources, sharing household tasks and child-rearing responsibilities making group
decisions, and banding together in the face of adversity.
13. concrete operational stage - ANS-piaget's stage of cognitive development that
encompasses the elementary years, in which thinking becomes more internal and
abstract but in which children still need the support of concrete objects in order to learn.
14. correlational study - ANS-a type of research in which two traits are measured and their
relationship is examined.
15. cross-sectional study - ANS-research in which a trait is studied by examining children of
many different ages at one time, and developmental trends are determined by
comparing one age group to another.
, 16. cultural/ethnic diversity - ANS-variations in development and behavior that are due to a
child's cultural background.
17. Development - ANS-The process by which humans change both qualitatively and
quantitatively as they grow older.
18. developmental checklist - ANS-a classroom observation system in which a teacher or
caregiver rates children's attainment of certain developmental milestones, such as
resolving conflicts or playing cooperatively with peers.
19. developmental milestones - ANS-specific characteristics that are expected to emerge in
children at various age levels.
20. difficult temperament - ANS-a disposition that is characterized by harsh and negative
reactions to new or frustrating situations, irregular patterns of sleeping or eating, and
numerous adjustment problems.
21. early childhood development - ANS-the development of children from conception and
birth through age 8.
22. ecological systems theory - ANS-a theory of development that emphasizes the influence
of the many institutions and settings - the community, school, political system- within
which children live. this theory holds that individual development does not occur in a
psychological vacuum but is affected by larger society.
23. ecology - ANS-the many different settings or institutions that affect human development.
24. ego - ANS-freud's term for the part of the mind that is rational and regulates and
redirects the instinctual impulses of the id.
25. ethnography - ANS-a type of research in which investigators spend significant time
working or living with group-a classroom, family, or a community- and write qualitative
descriptions of their observations.
26. event sampling - ANS-a method of observing children in which a teacher or researcher
records the number of times a particular behavior or event occurs.
27. evidence-based practice - ANS-the use of teaching and caregiving strategies that
research studies have been found to be effective in promoting development.
28. exosystem - ANS-the layer of environmental influences on development that is
composed of institutions or persons that do not actually touch children's lives but that
indirectly affect their experiences. the legal services system or the public assistance
office are examples.
29. experimental study - ANS-research in which a treatment, such as an educational
intervention, is administered to subjects. an experimental group receives the treatment, a
control group doesn't, and the researcher compares the outcomes of the two groups.
30. Firm and Directive socialization practices - ANS-techniques of child guidance, more
common in families of traditionally oppressed cultures, in which behavior is closely
monitored and regulated in order to keep children safe from danger.
31. floortime - ANS-a method in which an adult gets on the floor to engage an infant, toddler,
or preschooler with special needs in active reciprocal play.
32. formal operational stage - ANS-piaget's stage of cognitive development that
encompasses adolescence and adulthood, in which thinking is purely abstract and not
tied to the immediate physical world.
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