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Neuro review for NPTE exam
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Neuro review for NPTE exam Neuro review for NPTE exam Neuro review for NPTE exam
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Neuro review for NPTE examthis lobe of the brain is involved with higher order processing of info; the "doing" lobe; the "smartie"
lobe, the "A CEO" lobe
- combines different modalities of sensory info (e.g. vision with touch/pain)
- contains the pre-central gyrus which is the *primary motor cortex* (controls voluntary sk. muscle
activity)
- involved with problem solving, cognition, behavior, reasoning, delayed behavior, etc.
- Contains *Broca's area (speech production*) - ANS frontal (lobe)
(A CEO: apraxia and aphasia [Broca's]; controls plan, programming, movement; emotional, behavior
control, personality; olfaction)
this brain structure is involved in *executive functions* or the higher cognitive functions such as
initiation/motivation, attention, planning, problem solving, reasoning, judgement, and short-term
memory.
- also involved in behavioral regulation (impulse control, high level coping mechanisms for emotions of
anger, sadness, frustration, hunger, and other emotions)
- supplied by ACA and MCA - ANS PFC (prefrontal cortex)
this lobe of the brain processes *sensory* information regarding location of body parts (perception) and
sensation (touch, pain, temp, pressure, proprioception)
- includes the post-central gyrus which is the *primary somatosensory cortex*, the main sensory
receptive area for the sense of touch
- body orientation and sensory discrimination
,- Main arterial supply: MCA - ANS parietal (the "where system")
Damage to the parietal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive aphasia, difficulty recognizing
music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - ANS a (ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body
awareness)
Damage to the temporal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive aphasia, difficulty recognizing
music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - ANS b (memory dysfunction [retrograde/anterograde amnesia], receptive
aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm)
Patients with lesions in the *left* hemisphere typically present with:
a. impulsivity
b. poor judgement
c. overestimate abilities/underestimate problems
d. slow and cautious - ANS d (slow and cautious)
,(LEFT LESION (think OLD person): right side hemiplegia, slow, cautious, hesitant, insight into
impairments - frustration/difficulty with positive emotion, difficulty with VERBAL cues
RIGHT LESION (think BABY): left side hemiplegia, impulsive, quick, indifferent, poor judgement,
overestimate abilities, underestimate problems, difficulty with VISUAL cues, difficulty with negative
emotions)
this lobe of the brain is involved with *language, learning, memory*, and conscious smell perception;
the "What is it?" system
- includes the *primary auditory cortex* (allows us to perceive auditory info/sounds), hippocampus
(memory), and *Wernicke's area (language comprehension*) - ANS temporal
(Left temporal: language, interpretation [Wernicke's], facial recognition, hyposexuality
Right temporal: primary auditory cortex, sounds, rhythm, music, visual performance, emotional
expression, hypersexuality)
this lobe of the brain is involved with vision
- visual info from optic nerve transmitted through the thalamus and into the primary visual cortex - ANS
occipital
the ________ is involved with *balance and coordination* while the __________ is in charge of the
body's *involuntary responses* - ANS cerebellum, brainstem
this brain structure's function is to sequence muscle contractions; *coordination, balance*, equilibrium
, - "small brain within the brain"; *motor learning*; new motor programs created to ensure smooth
movement
- lesions to this area result in motor deficits on the ipsilateral side of the body; ataxia (uncoordinated
and inaccurate movements), dyssynergia (decomposition of synergistic multijoint movements), and
dysmetria (overshoot or undershoot target) - ANS cerebellum
(Cerebellum is involved in BALANCE AND COORDINATION + sequencing muscle contraction for smooth
movement. Lesions to this area result in motor deficits on the IPSILATERAL side of the body. Also results
in motor learning impairments [decreased anticipatory control, feedback, and learning delays].
Ataxia = uncoordinated, inaccurate movements.
Dyssynergia = decomposition of synergistic multi-joint movements.
Dysmetria = overshoot or undershoot a target.)
*_____________ cerebellar* lesion: central vestibular Sx (ocular dysmetria, poor eye pursuit,
dysfunctional VOR, impaired hand-eye coordination), gait/trunk ataxia, little change in tone/dyssynergia
of extremities. - ANS Flocculonodular
*_____________ cerebellar* lesion: hypotonia with weakness/fatigue, key issue with muscle activation
timing, trunk ataxia (dysequilibrium, increased sway, wide BOS, high arm position, worse with eyes
closed), gait ataxia (unsteady, increased falls, uneven/decreased step length) - ANS Spinocerebellum
Match the following *brainstem* structures with the correct description:
-___: regulates breathing, HR, BP, digestion, sneezing and swallowing; supplied by anterior spinal &
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
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