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NURS 302 PATHO MCNEESE FINAL EXAM
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NURS 302 PATHO MCNEESE FINAL EXAM NURS 302 PATHO MCNEESE FINAL EXAM NURS 302 PATHO MCNEESE FINAL EXAM
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NURS 302 PATHO MCNEESE FINALEXAM
Innate Immunity - ANS 1st and 2nd line of defense (skin, mucous membranes, etc.), consists of the
physical chemical molecular and cellular defenses that are in place before infection and can function
immediately as an effective barrier to microbes. It is able to distinguish itself from non-self. The
response is usually rapid.
2nd line of defense consists of: macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, eosinophils, and
neutrophils
Adaptive Immunity - ANS 3rd line of defense responding less rapidly than innate immunity but more
effectively. It focuses of recognition of each unique type of foreign agent followed, in days, by an
amplified effective response.
B cell lymphocytes: bone marrow
T cell lymphocytes: Thymus
Memory cells: a long lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its
reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production
Humoral Immunity - ANS Mediated by secreted molecules and is the principle defense against
extracellular microbes and toxins
Cell-Mediated Immunity - ANS Mediated by specific T cells and defends against intracellular microbes
such as viruses.
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion [SIADH] - ANS -Excessive release of ADH without stimulus;
due to failure in negative feedback system (nothing stops it)
-Small amounts of urine output
-High (concentrated dark urine)
-Low serum osmolality (dilutional-excess fluid)
-Hematocrit/Sodium/BUN levels low: diluted because more fluid added
,- Low Na levels
Causes: Increased pressure or infection in the head/brain/CNS
Lung/pancreatic/prostate cancer
Hypovolemic Isotonic Fluid Volume Deficit - ANS GI/Urinary/ Blood loss
Manifestations: Weight LOSS, decreased urine output (concentrated), circulation/capillary refill/ blood
pressure decreased
Labs: BUN, RBC, Hematocrit levels increased
Infants: Depressed fontanelle
Skin: Dry and flaky, decreased skin turgor
Active Immunity - ANS Acquired though immunization of actually having the disease
Hypervolemic Isotonic Expansion of ECF Volume (Fluid volume excess) - ANS Kidney malfunction, IVF
elevated, Long term corticosteroid use
Weight gain, edema present
Labs: BUN, RBC, Hematocrit decreased
Lungs: too much fluid in alveolar sacs or around them= dyspnea
Heart: Veins popping out
Passive Immunity - ANS Passed from another source (mom —> baby)
Normal Lab Levels - ANS Na 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium 3.5-5.3 mEq/L <-- most abundant cation in body
Calcium 8.2-10.2 mg/dL
,Phosphorous 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium 1.6-2.2 mg/dL
pH(Blood) 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 35-45 mmHg
HCO3 22-26 mEq/L
Immunoglobulins - ANS Aka antibodies, function as antigen receptors for B cells or as effector molecules
of the humoral immune response
Hyponatremia - ANS SIADH decreases sodium;
common cause is water excess
Dilutes serum osmolality
Manifestations: Muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue
low NA= low NEURO; lethargic, cerebral edema from coma and seizures
Hospitalized patients and elderly most at risk
IgG - ANS Displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties; only immunoglobulin that crosses
the placenta and thus responsible for protection of newborn; activated complement and binds to
macrophages; prominent in secondary immune response
G was GIVEN by mother
Hypernatremia - ANS Causes: Water loss and Diabetes Insipidus
Manifestations: Thirsty and dry mouth, lethargic and have headache, decreased urine output, high urine
osmolality (dark and concentrated), high body temp, skin turgor decreased, elevated serum osmolality
(dehydrated)
, Infants and elderly most at risk
IgA - ANS Predominant immunoglobulin in body secretions, such as saliva, nasal, and respiratory
secretions, and breast milk; protects mucous membranes
A ATTACKS mucosal invaders
Hypokalemia - ANS Causes: Inadequate Intake (not eating enough), Excessive loss (urination, sweat,
etc.); Redistribution from ECF to ICF compartments
Manifestations: Cardiac=arrhythmia/irregular, EKG flattened or inverted T waves
Muscle cramps/weakness
Reflexes are weak
Bowels=shut down/constipation
Metabolic Alkalosis
IgM - ANS Forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens; prominent in early
immune responses; activated complement
M first one MADE by newborn
Hyperkalemia - ANS Symptoms not seen until greater than 6 mEq/L
Causes: Kidneys are not working, rapid IV administration
Redistribution from ICF to ECF compartments
Manifestations: Neuromuscular=Tingling
Cardiac Arrest, Pointed T waves (Peak) on ECG, Metabolic Acidosis
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