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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM#3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What Species are closest related to humans? - Answer-Bonobos and Chimpanzees
Derived hominoid traits - Answer--Larger brain
-Loss of tail
-Long arms
-Broad thorax
Derived human traits - Answer--Obligately bipedal
-Small canines
-Large brains
-Broad dietary niche and tool use
-Extended time to mature
Anagenetic model of human evolution vs. Cladogenetic model of human evolution -
Answer-Anagenetic model suggests that there was one single split (human lineage)
This theory is NOT likely.
Cladogenetic model suggests that our characteristics appeared at various different
times in several branches. This theory is more likely.
Features related to bipedalism:Foramen magnum orientation and position - Answer-In
humans the Foramen magnum is located more towards the center vs. the back like in
animals. (shifted anteriorly and positioned more superiorly)
Features related to bipedalism: Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis - Answer-There are 2
lordotic (posteriorly facing) curves in the human spine and 1 kyphotic (anteriorly facing)
curve, Chimps have none
Features related to bipedalism: Valgus knee/Bicondylar angle - Answer-Our femurs are
angled, which gives us the ability to pull our knees under our body.
Features related to bipedalism: Pelvis shape - Answer-;short broad ilium rotated into the
sagittal plane
Chimps have a longer ilium that rotates into the coronal plane. Humans have a broad
and short Ilium that rotates into the sagittal plane.
Features related to bipedalism: Gluteal muscle actions on the lower extremity -
Answer-"Hip stabilizing mechanism" Humans use hip extender muscles to stabilize the
torso, muscles are rotated with pelvis
,Features related to bipedalism: Divergent vs. non divergent hallux - Answer-"Foot shape
and function" Chimps have a divergent hallux (weight distributed throughout entire foot).
Humans have a non divergent hallux (weight distributed into arches of the foot).
Features related to bipedalism: Arches of the foot - Answer-This makes humans
footprint and way of walking extremely unique.
Canine honing complex - Answer-Humans have very small, non dimorphic canines,
exant nonhuman anthropoids have a functional complex that sharpens the canines that
weaponizes them. The first mandibular premolar is "sectorial" in chimps. The humans is
not.
Life History (5 stages) - Answer-The way we break up the human lifetime into
milestones. It evolves like any other trait.
-Infancy
-Childhood
-Juvenile
-Adolescent
-Adult
Infancy - Answer-Period from birth to weaning. Lasts on average 3-4 years.
Childhood - Answer-Period between weaning and the eruption of M1. Even though you
are weaning, you are still incapable of fending for yourself. Its is a critical period for
brain development and social learning.
Juvenile - Answer-Period between the eruption of M1 and puberty. Durning this time
humans grow in size and engage in lots of socialization and learning. The female
milestone is manarche and the male milestone is the first ejaculation.
Adolescent - Answer-Period between sexual maturity and physical maturity. Even
though capable of being a parent, the body does not cease growth. During this time the
body experiences many changes such as growing underarm hair etc.
Adulthood - Answer-Get a job, work, eat, sleep, etc.... Ends for women when they start
menopause.
Weaning - Answer-Marks the time when you lose dependency on your mother for
nutrition. Happens on average at age 3-4. Human milk is low in fat and protein which
means babies have to be fed more often.
Lactational amenorrhea - Answer-Ovulation is suppressed during nursing, this leads to
an average 4 year inter birth interval.
Senescence - Answer-The condition or process of deterioration with age.
A loss of a cell's power of division and growth.
, Menopause - Answer-The ceasing of menstruation. This typically occurs in women
between 45 and 50 years of age.
Compare the life history characteristics of humans vs. chimps - Answer-(see graphs on
powerpoint: What is a Hominin?)
Chimps only have 3 stages: Infancy, Juvenile, and Adult compared to humans who
have 5.
Humans have a unique life history: early weaning, offset of physical and sexual
maturity, and a postmenopausal period.
Describe the original model of human evolution - Answer-(see graph on powerpoint:
What is a Hominin?)
Big brains: intelligence----Diet----Tool use----(lead to both) small canines AND
locomotion
Represents "march towards humanity." This idea is not very likely.
Identify some of the earliest fossil discoveries and how they contributed to early
thoughts on human evolution - Answer--Neanderthal type specimen (Neander Valley)
-La Chapelle aux Saints
-Piltdown man
-Taung Child
Neanderthal type specimen (Neander Valley) - Answer-Identified as a member of
"Homo Neanderthalensis." It was discovered by Feldhofer Grotto in 1856.
La Chapelle aux Saints - Answer-This fossil was categorized as a "Neanderthal" and
was discovered to be elderly, Missing post canine teeth, Alveoli resorbed, and Arthritic.
It was discovered in France in 1908. It showed us that human ancestors lived longer
than we thought they did.
CQ#1: WHich of the following locomotor behaviors categorizes Miocene Hominoids?
A.) Suspension
B.) Arboreal Quadrupedialism
C.) Terrestrial Quadrupedalism
D.) All of the above - Answer-D.) All of the above
CQ#2: Which of the following is a anatomical adaption to bipedalism in humans?
A.) Coronally rotated ilium
B.) Posteriorly placed Foramen magnum
C.) Divergent hallux
D.) Gluteal muscles that function as hip stabilizers - Answer-D.) Gluteal muscles that
function as hip stabilizers
CQ#3: Compared to a Chimpanzee which of the following is/are true of the Human Life
history?
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