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Neuro Exam 1 USAHS with Verified solutions| Rated A+
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Neuro Exam 1 USAHS with Verifiedsolutions| Rated A+
12 Hypoglossal - ✔✔medulla - stick tongue straight out - will deviate if there is a lesion
Somatosensory pathways - Posterior column pathways: Proprioception, vibration, fine touch -
✔✔Primary afferent sensory information is coming in from the dorsal roots then travels to the
ipsilateral white matter columns and ascends all the way to dorsal column nuclei in the medulla then it
will synapse onto a second sensory neuron that crosses over to the other side of the medulla and that
axon will continue to ascend now on the contralateral synapse on the thalamus will then project up to
the primary somatosensory cortex.
Somatosensory pathways- Anterolateral pathways: Pain and Temperature - ✔✔Sensory information
comes in through dorsal root ganglia to the spinal cord and crosses over to the other side of the spinal
cord, and go up to the thalamus and then go to the primary sensory cortex thalamus (relay station).
Main motor pathways - Corticospinal tract - ✔✔Begins mainly in the primary motor cortex (4), where
neuron cell bodies project via axons down through the cerebral white matter and brain stem to
reach the spinal cord. In the medulla.
The majority of fibers in the tract (85%) cross over to control movement of the opposite side of the body
(Pyramidal decussation) occurs at the junction between the medulla and spinal cord.
,Lesions occurring above the pyramidal decussation produce contralateral weakness with respect to the
lesion, while lesions below the pyramidal decussation will produce ipsilateral weakness.
Upper motor neurons: project from the cortex down to the spinal cord and form synapses onto
lower motor neurons
Lower motor neurons: Located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter of the spinal cord or in
the brainstem motor nuclei. The axons project out of the CNS via the anterior spinal roots or via the
cranial nerves to finally reach muscle cells in the periphery.
Frontal lobe - ✔✔higher executive functioning, motor function, personality
Brodmann's Areas
Broca's Area: 44, 45
Primary Motor Cortex (precentral gyrus): 4
Broca's Area = expression of speech
Deficit = expressive aphasia (unable to express self)
Parietal Lobe - ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information
about touch.
Brodmann's Area
Primary Somatosensory Area (postcentral gyrus): 3, 12
Sensory Association Area (proprioception): 5, 7, 39, 40 (interprets sensory info "soft," "dull," "sharp")
, Deficits = Gerstman's Syndrome
Apraxia (unable to plan the motor task) → motor planning
Forebrain - ✔✔The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the
thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
Midbrain - ✔✔A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays
it upward.
The tectum, cerebal peduncles and tegmentum
Hindbrain - ✔✔medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation
Germinal stage - ✔✔the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception
(Epidymal) (inner)-lines central canal and ventricles (cells create cilia)
Mantle layer - ✔✔gray matter
Marginal layer - ✔✔white matter
Glutamate - ✔✔A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
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