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PSY-121 Exam -3 with 189 Questions and Answers.
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PSY-121 Exam -3 with 189 Questions and Answers.
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PSY-121 Exam #3 with 189 Questions andAnswers
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in
classical conditioning. -
✅conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl
carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering
and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________. -
✅sour lemon gummy bear
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva
to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be
referred to as a(an) ________. -
✅unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was
accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this
experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. -
✅conditioned
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes
before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this
scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. -
✅conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with
the unconditioned stimulus. -
✅extinction
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes
and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops
,salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of
a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response? -
✅spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. -
✅both operant and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. -
✅positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a
picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes
away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. -
✅negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs,
Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. -
✅positive punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others)
from the individual. This is called________________. -
✅negative punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a
________ schedule. -
✅ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? -
✅fixed ratio
____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in
the overall sequence of behaviors. -
✅chaining
, Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the
marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to
roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. -
✅shaping
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or
eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. -
✅applied behavior analysis
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any
student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms.
Wang using? -
✅token economy
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an
example of________________. -
✅the Premack principle
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an
animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. -
✅mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________. -
✅either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes
his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment.
Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is
older? -
✅Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in
his father.
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______. -
✅being reinforced for imitating the model
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