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Exam (elaborations)

NMNC 3210 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024/2025

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NMNC 3210 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024/2025 How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSElectrolytes help maintain fluid levels. Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood, some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with ...

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  • November 5, 2024
  • 20
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NMNC 3210
  • NMNC 3210
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NMNC 3210 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS 2024/2025

How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSElectrolytes help maintain fluid levels.

Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood, some
being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.



What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? - ANSWERSRegulates/balances water level in blood.

Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.

Seen in concentration of urine.



Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the Kidney on how much
*water is needed to be conserved.



What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if the ECF becomes
hypertonic? - ANSWERSOsmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus, stimulate Pituitary to increase antidiuretic
hormones to be secreted.



"DON'T PEE HORMONE"



Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or eliminated. Retention increases
fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.



What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? - ANSWERS"Body is trying to DITCH potassium"



Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)

Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)

Too much water intake (diulting K+)

Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)

,Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)



Other causes of Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSAlkalosis and Hyperinsulinism



What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSWeak. Irregular and thready



What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? - ANSWERSLethargic

Low shallow respiratory

Lethal cardiac changes

Loss of urine

Leg cramps

Limp muscles

Low BP and HR



What drugs are potassium sparing? - ANSWERSSpironolactone, aldactone, maxide, and triamterene



How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? - ANSWERSBy the Kidneys - filters electrolytes and
water from blood. Some returned to blood and some excreted through urine.



Role of sodium? - ANSWERSRegulates fluid balance



Role of calcium? - ANSWERSBlood coagulation



Role of potassium? - ANSWERSCardiac rhythm and muscle contraction



Role of magnesium? - ANSWERSImmune function



Role of phosphorus? - ANSWERSAcid-Base balance

, Normal levels of potassium? - ANSWERS3.5-5.0 mEq/L



"Cardiac Rhythm"



Where can potassium be found and what is its function? - ANSWERSIntracellular and generates electrical
impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to function.



Hyperkalemia - ANSWERSToo much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical conduction of the heart
(dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.



*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel syndrome,
muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of extremities



Hypokalemia - ANSWERSTo little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and drugs -
diuretic or laxatives.



*Heart is low and slow - weak pulse, constipation, and polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine).



Normal sodium levels? - ANSWERS135-145 mEq/L



"Fluid Balance"



Where is sodium found and what is its function? - ANSWERSExtracellular/plasma of the bloodstream.
Regulates water and helps with electrical signals within body - allows muscles to fire and brain to work.



Hypernatremia - ANSWERS*BIG AND BLOATED



Too much sodium.



Symptoms: poyldipsia (abnormal thirst), flushed, edema, low grade fever. Late signs: swollen tongue,
nausea/vomiting (N/V), increased muscle tone.

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