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Biological Anthropology Exam 2 Study Guide Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 2 Study Guide Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 2 StudyGuide Questions and Answers
Sagittal Plane - Answer-divides the body into left and right sides
Transverse Plane - Answer-divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below)
or ventral (front) and dorsal (behind)
Coronal Plane - Answer-divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Medial/Lateral - Answer-referring to the center of the body, medial (towards) center and
Lateral (away) from center
Anterior/Posterior - Answer-referring to in front or behind the body, anterior (front) and
posterior (back)
Ventral/Dorsal - Answer-referring to animals with four legs, divides it front and back,
Superior/Inferior - Answer-referring to the top or bottom, superior (top) and inferior
(bottom)
Proximal/Distal - Answer-referring how close something is to the attachment of the
body, or joint, proximal (close) and distal (far)
Long Bones - Answer-long thin, have a shaft and articular surfaces at either end. Ex:
Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Meta Carpals
Short Bones - Answer-smaller than long bones, usually cube shaped.
Ex: Carpal (wrist), Tarsal bones (ankle)
Flat Bones - Answer-thin flat surfaces, no marrow cavity, but do have spongy bone
between two layers of cortical bones.
Ex: many skull bones, Sternum
Irregular bones - Answer-bones with complex shapes notched with ridges.
Ex: Vertebrae, Mandible
Sesamoid Bones - Answer-bones that form the inside of a muscle tendon.
Ex: Patella
Cranial synostosis - Answer-if sutures fuse too early, it does not allow the brain to grow,
which leads to complications
, Incisor - Answer-There are 2 different types, and in the dental formula for humans
2:1:2:3 it is represented by the first number
Canine - Answer-There is 1 type, and in the dental formula for humans 2:1:2:3 it is
represented by the second number
Premolar - Answer-There are 2 different types for adults only, and in the dental formula
for humans 2:1:2:3 it is represented by the third number
Molar - Answer-There are 2 deciduous and 3 permanent types, and in the dental
formula for humans 2:1:2:3 it is represented by the fourth number
What are the 2 Muscles of mastication? - Answer-(Muscles used for chewing)
1. Temporalis muscle-located by temporal bone
2. Massester muscle- located by connection of jaw or zygomatic arch
Epiphysis - Answer-the ends of the bones formed through Epiphyseal fusion
Diaphysis - Answer-The shafts of the bone
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) - Answer-occurs most intense between 15-23 years,
fusion varies by individual, sex, and population, fusion begins earlier in females than in
males
Phenetics - Answer--Classifies species based on overall similarity
-Not concerned with phylogeny
-Earliest approach, now less common
Bionomial nomenclature - Answer-the scientific name of a species contains both the
genus and species
Ex. Homo Sapiens (names are always written in Italics)
Classification based on similarity - Answer-Linnaeus' group were based on his
judgement of similarity and were thought to reflect basic "plans" in the mind of God
Cladistics - Answer--Classifies species based on phylogeny only
-differs from phenetics in that it is exclusively concerned with evolutionary relationships
(Ex. phylogenetic relationships)
-Evaluates relationships between organisms by examining variation in traits and
whether they are shared among multiple groups of organisms, or are unique to a single
group
Clade - Answer-An ancestral species and all of its descendent species; are nested
within larger clades.
Why do species in clades share traits? - Answer-1) Trait evolves in a lineage.
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