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Biological Anthropology Exam 3 UARK Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 3 UARK Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 3 UARKQuestions and Answers
During the Miocene, where are hominoids found geographically? - Answer-Africa and
Southeast Asia
When did hominoid diversity decline? - Answer-During the midmiocene, global cooling
occurred, restricting forested environments. As the forests decreased, so did the
diversity of ape species
Describe the locomotor diversity of Miocene hominoids. - Answer-Cautious climbers,
terrestrial quadrupeds, arboreal quadrupeds, and suspensory.
Describe the dietary diversity of Miocene hominoids. - Answer-Fruits, Leaves, Insects,
Meat, Seeds, etc.
Describe the body size diversity of Miocene hominoids. - Answer-13-385 pounds
What were Africa and Asian primate communities like in the Miocene? - Answer-All
Diurnal
What about today? - Answer-They vary by species
What are two factors that are hypothesized to explain the loss of hominoid diversity in
the Late Miocene? - Answer-Global Cooling, Loss of forest space
How do humans differ from other apes? - Answer-We are bipedal, larger brain size,
smaller teeth, chins, broad dietary niches—a lot of meat, long life. Nonsynchronous
physical and sexual maturity, postmenopausal period, short interbirth intervals
What are the morphological correlates of bipedalism? - Answer-Foramen magnum
position. Foramen magnum position and orientation, lumbar and cervical lordosis,
vertebral wedging, valgus knee, broad short ilium (pelvis shape), lesser gluteal muscles,
nondivergent hallux, arch in feet, reduced canine height, nondimorphic canines, no
canine honing
How does the foramen magnum position influence the location of the spine in relation to
the cranium? - Answer-Hard to explain in words but you know this already
Curvature of the spine. - Answer-Contrast a quadruped and a biped. 1 curve in a
quadruped, 3 curves in a biped. Cervical lordosis Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis
In what direction does a lordotic curve bend? Why does the biped have these curves? -
Answer-Think about it in terms of balance. To be able to stand up without falling over.
, Without these curves, which way would a biped tend to fall over? - Answer-Depends on
the curve, both counteract eachother, creating a balance.
Why do chimps stand and walk bipedally with a bent hip, bent knee posture? - Answer-
Their pelvis and spine are not positioned to be bipeds all the time. It makes for an
awkward way of walking. They lack a valgus knee
Pelvis - Answer-Shape, size, and orientation of iliac blades in bipeds and quadrupeds.
Be able to describe the pelvis of a biped and quadruped using anatomical directional
terms. - Answer-Bipeds: short broad illium, rotated into sagittal plane. Quadruped:
narrow and tall illium, lying in coronal plane
Function of the gluteus medius and minimus in bipeds and quadrupeds. - Answer-
Bipeds: hip abductors and stabilizers, Quadrupeds: extenders.
How does changing the shape of the ilium change the function of the gluteal muscles? -
Answer-It changes the orientation
In a biped, the gluteal muscles prevent us from falling in which direction relative to the
unsupported foot? - Answer-Our gluteal prevent us from falling directly over
Valgus vs. Straight knee. - Answer-Presence of a bicondylar angle = valgus knee
How does the valgus angle reflect the position of the knees in relation to the midline of
the body? - Answer-Valgus knees bring the knee into the body, towards the midline
Why is a valgus knee advantageous for a biped? - Answer-Think about balancing on
one foot. It helps us balance on one foot while walking
Big toe - Answer-(hallux).
In line with other toes or divergent? - Answer-Biped: In line, Quadruped: divergent
How does it differ between a biped and quadruped in terms of its anatomy and function?
- Answer-Biped need this to help push them off when walking, and to help with balance.
Quadrupeds use their divergent hallux to grab things
What is the canine honing complex? - Answer-The sharpening of the canine by the
premolar.
What is the sectorial/honing premolar? - Answer-It is the premolar directly behind the
canine. What does it do? It sharpens the canine
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