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NURS5042 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
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NURS5042 FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE WITH 100% CORRECT
SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
Func&ons of endocrine system
Homeostasis
stress response
growth and development
sexual matura&on/puberty
Endocrine system is integrated with the nervous system to control and regulate
body processes
Endocrine: long term control (e.g. Growth)
nervous: quick response (e.g. Walking)
Hypothalamus
Produc&on of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
Pituirary gland
Anterior: ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH
posterior: release of oxytocin and ADH
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine (T4) - metabolism
triiodothyronine (T3) - metabolism
calcitonin (CT) - calcium control
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are secretes by
Thyroid epithelia
Calcitonin is secreted by
Parafollicular cells
,Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla: adrenaline , noradrenaline
adrenal cortex:
- cor&sol - hypoglycaemia
- cor&costerone - metabolism and stress
- aldosterone - ion conc.
- androgens - sex hormones
Pancreas
Alpha cells: glucagon
beta cells: insulin
Pineal gland
Melatonin (related to circadian rhythm)
Parathyroid glands
PTH - for calcium control
Main mechanisms for hormonal secre&on
Humoral s&muli - capilliary concentra&on of ions
neural s&muli - signal comes from nerves
hormonal s&muli - signals come from hormones released by the hypothalamus
Trophic hormones
Act on other hormones (e.g. FSH, LH - act on testes/ovaries as endocrine
organs)
Non-trophic hormones
Acts directly on cells (e.g. Prolac&n - s&mulates the produc&on of breastmilk)
Example of a hormone that is trophic and non-trophic
GH - can act on both endocrine organs and body cells
How are hormones regulated? (3)
, 1. Diurnal paTerns
2. Pulsa&le and cyclic paTerns
3. PaTerns that depend on levels of substances circula&ng within the
bloodstream
Diurnal paTerns
Fluctuates over a 24 hr period
e.g. Growth hormone
Pulsa&le and cyclic paTerns
Fluctuates around other cycles
e.g. Female menstrual cycle
PaTerns that depend on levels of substances circula&ng within the blood
stream
E.g. Calcium, sodium, potassium or circula&ng levels of the hormone itself
Up-regula&on
Low conc of hormone, increases the no. Of receptors
increased sensi&vity
Down-regula&on
High conc of hormone, decreases no. Of receptors
decreased sensi&vity
How is caffeine an example of up-regula&on
Caffeine resembles adenosine, fits receptors and blocks them. Normally,
adenosine would aTach to receptors to make us feel &red. Dopamine works
beTer when adenosine receptors are blocked.
Drinking coffee fills the adenosine receptors with caffeine, and therefore we
don't feel &red and dopamine's impact is enhanced
Protein based hormones
Are water soluble - cannot easily diffuse through lipid cell membrane
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