PSYCH 111 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
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Hindsight bias - ANSWER Deciding you could have done something once it's already
done
Recall Charles Darwin's influence on evolutionary psychology. - ANSWER Principles of
natural selection provide a framework for the understanding of how we change and
adapt to our environments and human development over a lifespan. NATURE vs
NURTURE (they work together)
Identify the criticisms of evolutionary psychology - ANSWER Major criticisms fall under
the umbrella of nature and nurture "fighting" one another and not working together.
Definition of overconfidence. - ANSWER Thinking you can complete a task or know
something when not accurate
Why there are similarities in all people worldwide - ANSWER We all share 99% of the
same genome we are all human and share fairly similar basic common beliefs and
understanding of life and what we want during it.
Recall how random sequences are often perceived - ANSWER Often seen with
perceived patterns even when not present
Know how repetition can facilitate the acceptance of ideas - ANSWER and know how
repetition can facilitate the acceptance of ideas.
When information is repeated, it makes it seem more viable and probable and is
remembered more so that it is accepted more often.
Reflection Review how group identity can affect the acceptance of misinformation-
,ANSWER We share the ideas we commonly think with others of the same
thought/opinion which can lead to large groups of people being misled when
misinformation is shared.
Learn what constitutes a scientific attitude. -ANSWER Skepticism, humility and curiosity
What is the scientific method? - ANSWER Method derived to help determine and learn if
ideas/hypothesis are verifiable fact or non-true
Recall the definition of a hypothesis. - ANSWER Testable theory/idea that is proved or
disproved through scientific testing
Understand the benefits of random sampling. - ANSWER Ensures that the outcomes are
representative of a greater application to the population, key to having unbiased results
in testing
Read about the purposes of correlational research. - ANSWER to assess whether two
variables are associated with one another but not which one causes the other
Understand the difference between a positive and a negative correlation - ANSWER
Positive: both go "same direction" Negative: one go up while the other goes down
Review what is meant by regression toward the mean. - ANSWER Most things average
toward the middle- things are more alike than they are similar
Understand the relationship between correlation and causation. - ANSWER Correlation
is that two things change together, causations is that one factor causes changes in
another variable
Describe the contributions of phrenology to psychology. - ANSWER: Knowledge that
different parts of the brain have different roles to play in what we do (from the outside
not seen, but each part does different things)
,fMRI uses Understand the uses of a fMRI. ANSWER Measures the changes in blood use
by different parts of the brain in comparison with others-helps determine what parts of
the brain are used for specific activities
Recall what control and manipulating variables does in an experiment. ANSWER Control
variables ensure the variable that is changed is the one responsible for the differing
observed outcomes. Manipulating variables helps determine is what is being changed
really has an impact on the outcomes.
Be able to identify the benefits of random assignment. - ANSWER Random assignment
ensures that the differing outcomes are applicable to all. It removes bias and makes
outcomes more statistically significant
Know what is meant by the term statistically significant. - ANSWER Meaning that the
likelihood of a specific outcome is due to certain procedure and not just random chance
(p <.05)
Recall the function of dendrites. - ANSWER Receive chemical messengers to send the
action potential down the cell body and continue the different messenger
Review how neurons create electricity. - ANSWER Differences in membrane potential
allow the action potential of the received ligands to create an action potential down the
axon via the change in concentration and permeability of sodium and potassium.
Know what is meant by the term reuptake. ANSWER The re-absorption/removal of
neurotransmitters from the synapse following signal trans-mission
Explain how opiates are received in the brain. -ANSWER Opiates bind to the same sites
where endorphins bind, high affinity and cause a similar effect; may cause reduced/stop
natural production of endorphins, becomes dependent on opiate. Block the reuptake of
various neurotransmitters and so cause an increased "reaction" of desired outputs,
dopamine or serotonin
, Recall the definition of the nervous system. - ANSWER Electrochemical communication
network of the body (CNS-brain and spinal cord and PNS- all the rest [autonomic-
sympathies and parasympathetic, and somatic- sensory input, motor output])
Understand how neurons fire (all-or-none response). - ANSWER They are all or none-
there is no middle ground of setting off a chemical messenger the message either goes
or it doesn't
Explain how the endocrine system affects mood. ANSWER Hormones effect tissues and
brain, has a bi-directional relationship with the brain and signal/change inference.
Hormones take some time to process through and so you could still be angry hours later
after an argument.
Explain the benefits of dual-track processing in the brain. ANSWER Can do many things
simultaneously, allows for the capability to process and act
be able to describe the functions of the thalamus ANSWER Relays sensory messages to
cortex and sends reply to cerebellum (judgement, coordination of movement and life
processes) and medulla
be able to describe the functions of the limbic system ANSWER Emotional regulation,
memory and innate drives, controls the pituitary gland
Understand how our larger cortex plays a role in adaptation. - ANSWER The cortex is
evolutionary developed later and therefore is related to higher thinking seen in humans
and other animals with a prefrontal cortex. Larger cortex helps us to make decisions in
changing environments.
Describe the functions of the occipital lobe. - ANSWER vision
be able to identify the basic functions of the parietal and temporal lobes. ANSWER
Hearing, temporal lobe
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