Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122)
Exam Study Guide Review 2024-2025 Graded A
Children at first identify entirely with the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is
only after prolonged exposure to other people outside the home that a child will begin to
question his or her upbringing and perhaps modify his or her belief system. A fully
individualized person is able to maintain a coherent personality without renouncing
membership in a family with which he or she may have some disagreement. -Correct
Answer ✔Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself
or herself as a distinct person despite being a member of a family.
An extended family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might
include a man and a woman, their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies
in which people tend the same land for their entire lives are more conducive to the
maintenance of the extended family. This is in part because it is more difficult for a large
group to move around together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic societies, it is
more common for people to be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple
and their children) -Correct Answer ✔Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their
extended families.
Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have
good self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong
personal identities. Solid marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of
humor, empathy, and habit. The idea of empathy is particularly important in marriage
because it implies that each partner may not fully understand the other. Nevertheless, a
loving spouse with try to help whenever possible. -Correct Answer ✔Financial Stability
is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage.
Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles,
but this is offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the
other hand, has a noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of
caring for a newborn, as well as the desire to spend as much time as possible with this
new child, make it unpleasant to be away from home for any reason. Flexible
scheduling, high wages, and intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with job
satisfaction. -Correct Answer ✔Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to
no effect on job satisfaction.
Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce
entirely. Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The
best way to complete the process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity.
This may include developing a balance between being single and being a parent. It is
appropriate to plan for the future, but people should be aware that it is impossible to
predict what they will want once they have fully processed the finality of the divorce. -
Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
,Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
Correct Answer ✔Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should
take after divorce.
In the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and
competition. As they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years,
but during adolescence will gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research
suggests that adult relationships between siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the
relationship of the youth; that is, good relationships get better and bad relationships get
worse. -Correct Answer ✔Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within
three years of age.
This is an exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier,
wealthier, and more content than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely
to abuse alcohol and drugs, and less likely to become depressed. Married women are
healthier and more likely to report satisfaction with their home lives. One reason why
married women may earn less money is that they are more likely to be raising children,
and therefore less focused on professional development. Despite reports about the
decline of marriage, an overwhelming majority of Americans will marry at least once
during their lives. -Correct Answer ✔Married women typically earn a lower wage than
single women.
The bond between a stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes
the longest to form. One possible reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to
be less engaged with stepdaughters than with stepsons. The effect of remarriage on
children is much the same as divorce because it involves a fundamental restructuring of
the family concept. Nevertheless, stepparents who work to engage with their
stepchildren can develop positive relationships over time. -Correct Answer ✔Accepting
a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls.
The members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made
by families tend to reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict
avoidance. For reasons both genetic and environmental, the members of families are
likely to struggle with the same sorts of problems in life. Despite a general tendency
toward stability and consistency, families inevitably change in response to the aging of
each member and to pressures from the environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of
family science that it is impossible to understand a family member without
understanding the family as a whole. -Correct Answer ✔Both the content and the style
of family communication are important.
When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other
person, tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research
suggests that there is a classic pattern of degenerating communication in an
unsuccessful relationship. The pattern begins with criticism that is not directed at a
certain behavior, but at the other person as a whole. In other words, the criticism of
unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward character assassination. Eventually, these
negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one partner openly disparages and
Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
, Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
disrespects the other. The inevitable response to contempt is defensiveness, followed
by stonewalling or a total lack of communication. When couples stop communicating,
the relationship is not likely to endure. -Correct Answer ✔According to John Gottman,
humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse.
The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five years, though it
typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by puberty are
monumental and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and
emotional maturity. Teachers need to be aware of these changes, particularly when
working with middle-school children. Family and consumer science teachers may need
to act as liaisons between parents and their children, as family relationships can
become strained during early adolescence. -Correct Answer ✔The greatest amount of
variation between people of the same age is found during early adolescence.
In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to rely on the advice of a supposedly
impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also establish guidelines for the way a
decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to settle a dispute with
arbitration, since children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against their
interest. Conciliation is a method of settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are
simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea that a resolution will naturally occur
as a result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties decide to enlist the aid of
an impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties in
mediation do not agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties
try to agree on terms that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like
compromise. A restorative justice syste -Correct Answer ✔When two children have a
dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion, they are engaging in
arbitration.
There is no one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls
might be inspired by the positive example of a successful working mother. The
daughters of working mothers tend to be more independent, and they are likely to have
a more egalitarian view of gender relations. When the sons of working mothers are
unsupervised, their performance in school tends to decline. It is important for both
parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment, and it is especially
important for husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived positively
by children. -Correct Answer ✔In general, when a mother works, her children have more
self-esteem.
Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too
long or create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of
actions and reactions is an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This
approach to family therapy emphasizes patterns of behavior that lock family members
into their roles, therefore inhibiting their personal growth. Behavioral family therapists
assume that bad behavior persists when it is reinforced. These therapists strive to show
family members how they may be inadvertently rewarding the very behavior they seek
to discourage. Object relations family therapists assume that ill will in a family is often a
Praxis II Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 ) Exam
