Essential Revision Notes For MRCP Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
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Essential revision notes for MRCP
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Essential Revision Notes For MRCP
Essential Revision Notes For MRCP Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
What is the importance of jugular venous pressure? - correct answer. This is an essential clinical sign that reflects patient filling status and is essential to detect for fluid management.
How can we eval...
Essential Revision Notes For MRCP
Questions And Answers Latest Top
Score.
What is the importance of jugular venous pressure? - correct answer. This is an
essential clinical sign that reflects patient filling status and is essential to detect for fluid
management.
How can we evaluate fluid management? - correct answer. Assessing jugular
venous level.
What does the jugular venous pressure reflect? - correct answer. The jugular
venous pressure reflects high atrial pressure, and in healthy individuals at 45 is 3 cm in
vertical height above the sternal angle (the angle of Louis, the manubristernal junction)
What is the jugular venous pressure in normal individual? - correct answer. in
healthy individuals at degree 45 is 3 cm in vertical height above the sternal angle (the
angle of Louis, the manubristernal junction)
What is the other name of the sternal angle? - correct answer. the angle of Louis,
the manubristernal junction
How is inspiration affects the jugular venous pressure? - correct answer. Inspiration
generates negative intrathoracic pressure and a suction of venous blood towards heart,
causing the JVP to fall.
What are the normal waves in the JVP? - correct answer. a wave
c wave
x descent
v wave
y descent
,What are the characteristics of the a wave? - correct answer. The a wave
Due to atrial contraction--actively pushes up superior vena cava (SVC) and into the
right ventricles (may cause an audible S4)
What is the cause of the a wave? - correct answer. Due to atrial contraction--actively
pushes superior vena cava (SVC) and into the right ventricles (may cause an audible
S4)
What is happening in the SVC with the atrial contraction? - correct answer. Superior
vena cava is pushed up.
Which heart sound is associated with a wave? - correct answer. may cause an
audible S4
What are the pathological changes in the a wave? - correct answer. Absent, Large,
and Cannon
What are the causes of Absent a wave? - correct answer. Atrial fibrillation...no co-
ordinated contraction.
What are the causes of large a wave? - correct answer. Tricuspid stenosis.
Right heart failure.
Pulmonary hypertension.
What is the relationship between increase pulmonary artery pressure and a wave? -
correct answer. Large a wave is associated with pulmonary hypertension.
What is the valvular lesions associated with increased a wave? - correct answer.
High a wave is associated with tricuspid stenosis.
What is the change of a wave in patient with right sided heart failure? - correct answer.
Raised JVP with normal or large a wave.
What is the cause of Cannon a wave - correct answer. Cannon.
Caused by atrioventricular dissociation-allowing the atria and ventricles to contract at
same time.
What is the meaning of atrioventricular dissociation - correct answer. Caused by
atrioventricular dissociation-allowing the atria and ventricles to contract at same time.
What are the causes of the Cannon a wave - correct answer. Atrial flutter and atrial
tachycardia.
Third degree (complete) heart block.
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopics.
, Which atrial arrhythmia causes Cannon a waves - correct answer. Atrial flutter and
atrial tachycardia.
Which degree of heart block causes Cannon a wave - correct answer. Third degree
(complete) heart block.
Which ventricular arrhythmia causes cannon a wave - correct answer. Ventricular
tachycardia and ventricular ectopics
What is the association between the heart rate and Cannon a wave - correct answer.
increased as in Atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and Ventricular tachycardia.
What are the characteristics of the C wave? - correct answer. The C wave
An invisible flicker in the x descent due to closure of the tricuspid valve, before the start
of ventricular systole.
What is the relationship between C wave and X descent? - correct answer. An
invisible flicker in the x descent
What is the cause of C wave - correct answer. Closure of the tricuspid valve
What is the timing of the C wave - correct answer. before the start of ventricular
systole.
What are the characteristics of the X descent - correct answer. The X descent
Downward movement of the heart causing atrial stretch and a drop in pressure.
What is the effect of X descent in the position of the heart? - correct answer.
Downward movement of the heart
What is the effect of the X descent on the atrium - correct answer. causing atrial
stretch
What is the effect of the X descent on the Atrial pressure - correct answer. a drop in
pressure.
What are the pathological change in the X descent - correct answer. Steep--
Tamponade and cardiac constriction
If steep X descent only, then tamponade.
What is the effect of tampnade and cardiac constriction - correct answer. Kaussmaul
sign and descent in the X descent
What is the cause of steep X descent only - correct answer. If steep X descent only,
then tamponade.
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