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NR 568 MIDTERM EXAM WITH 100% VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (LATEST UODATE 2024/2025)
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NR 568 MIDTERM EXAM WITH100% VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (LATEST
UODATE 2024/2025)
- Things to know about each of the major an6bio6c drug classes
Classifica6on of An6microbial Drugs
• There are two main classifica6on schemes
1. Classifica+on by Suscep+ble Organism
An6bacterial Drugs
• Narrow Spectrum-Gram+ cocci/bacilli, Gram- aerobes, M. Tuberculosis
• Broad Spectrum-Gram+ cocci and gram- bacilli
An6viral Drugs
• Drugs for HIV infec6on
• Drugs for influenza
• Other an6viral drugs-acycolvir
An6fungal Drugs-amphotericin B; Azoles
2. Classifica+on by Mechanism of Ac+on
• Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
• Drugs that disrupt the cell membrane
• Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis
• Bacteriosta6c inhibitors of protein synthesis
• Drugs that interfere with synthesis or integrity of bacterial DNA and RNA
• An6metabolites
• Drugs that suppress viral replica6on
List the 10 classes of An6bio6cs name examples
,HINT (acronym):
Abx Can Terminate Protein Synthesis For Microbial Cells Like Germs
● Aminoglycosides-gentamicin, streptomycin
● Cephalosporins-Cephalexin (Keflex)
● Tetracyclines-tetra/doxyclycline
● Penicillins-PCN G/V, amoxicillin
● Sulfonamides-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
● Fluoroquinolones-ciprofloxacin
● Macrolides-erythromycin, Azithromycin
● Carbapenems-imipenem, meropenem
● Lincosamides-Clindamycin
● Glycopep6des-Vancomycin
Other ways to organize classes of Drugs
What is Beta Lactams?
• they have a β-lactam ring in their structure, the penicillins are known as β-
lactam an6bio6c
• The β-lactam family also includes the cephalosporins, carbapenems, and
aztreonam
• All of the β-lactam an6bio6cs share the same mechanism of ac6on:
disrup6on of the bacterial cell wall
• they are bactericidal; bacteria must be ac6vely growing for them to work
Other ways to organize classes of Drugs
- Bacteriosta6c Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis include
1. Tetracycline
2. Macrolide
3. Clindamycin
,Other ways to organize classes of Drugs
- Bactericidal an6bio6cs directly kill bacteria and include
Aminoglycosides,
beta-lactams,
fluoroquinolones,
metronidazole,
most an6mycobacterial agents,
streptogramins,
vancomycin.
Other ways to organize classes of Drugs
What are An6metabolites?
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim & Nitrofurantoin
Broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum
Broad-spectrum
- Broad-spectrum penicillins: ampicillin and others
- Extended-spectrum penicillins: piperacillin and others
- Cephalosporins (third genera6on)
- Tetracyclines: tetracycline and others
- Carbapenems: imipenem and others
- Trimethoprim
- Sulfonamides: sulfisoxazole and others
- Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin and others
narrow-spectrum
- Penicillin G and V
- Penicillinase-resistant penicillins: oxacillin and nafcillin
- Vancomycin
, - Erythromycin
- Clindamycin
- Aminoglycosides: gentamicin and others
- Cephalosporins (first and second genera6ons)
- Isoniazid
- Rifampin
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
- Understand broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum agents
Broad-Spectrum:
1. Targets wider number of bacteria types. Acts on both
2. Commonly used against
3. Commonly used for (blank) therapy; when the pathogen is unknown or
4. A major con is disrup6on of
Narrow-Spectrum:
1. Effec6ve against a specific
2. Used when infec6ng pathogens
Broad-Spectrum:
1. Gram- and gram + organisms
2. H. Influenzae, E. Coli, Proteus mirabilis, enterococci, N. Gonorrhoeae
3. Empiric; infec6on with mul6ple types of bacteria is suspected.
4. Na6ve bacteria and the development of an6microbial resistance
Narrow-Spectrum:
1. Bacteria type
2. Is known
- Understand empiric treatment and when to use:
1. It is used when
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