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NR 503 Chamberlain midterm exam |70 Questions with 100% verified solutions | Rated A+
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NR 503 Chamberlain midterm exam |70 Questions with 100% verified solutions | Rated A+
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NR 503 Chamberlain midtermexam |70 Questions with 100%
verified solutions | Rated A+
How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? Where would and
NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening test should be used? ✔✔Determining
whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the disease of
interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the
study cost effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms
appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes. The NP could look
at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMHSA-
HRSA to find a screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the
number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number identified in the screening of not
having the disease/ the actual number who do not have the disease.
Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is it used?
✔✔It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the data. He or she
can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables available, its limitations (for
example, the number of records with missing information for each important variable), and its
eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from 2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem being
investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people have the most and
least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that can be easily
communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have high rates of
disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of the disease, and these clues
can be turned into testable hypotheses.
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid evidence-
based care? ✔✔______________- helps look at the cause of the issue or disease process. ________
________ focuses on the person, place, and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a
person who was sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine
what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local
restaurant.
, What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions? ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the outcome of
interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent
the flu from causing an illness. A secondary intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a
patient. A tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that
the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? ✔✔is the ongoing systematic
collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and
evaluation of public health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those
who need to know. Passive surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active
involves using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance can
help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific population.
What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort study
design? ✔✔The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular factor and a comparison
group that was not exposed to that factor and measures and compares the incidence of disease in the
two groups. A higher incidence of disease in the exposed group suggests an association between that
factor and the disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing with an
outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined source population, particularly if the disease being studied
was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators identify a group of
individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and a comparison of individuals who did not
have the disease of interest. The cases and controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of
one or more past exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular
factor compared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a better choice when
the source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly useful when the disease outcome was
uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these differences in sampling
strategy.
Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias) etc? ✔✔Selection
bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative of the population of interest. For
example, selecting only males for a study is not representative of the whole population. Informational
bias can occur when information is not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure
reading taken from cuffs that are too small.
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