Exam (elaborations)
Radiation Protection A Questions and Answers 2024
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Radiation Protection A
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Radiation Protection ARadiation Protection - answer Effective measures employed by radiation workers to
safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to
ionizing radiation
Goal of Radiation Protection - answer to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation-
induced conditions in exposed persons and reduce stochastic effects in exposed
persons to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the individual and to
society from activities that generate such exposures
-NCRP report 116
World Advisory Agencies – answerI CRP (1928)- international committee on radiological
protection.
-is considered the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation.
-leading international organization responsible for providing clear and consistent
radiation protection guidelines.
NCRP (1964)- National council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
-Reviews the recommendations formulated by the ICRP.
-Determines the way ICRP recommendations are incorporated into the U.S. radiation
protection criteria.
UNSCEAR (1955)- United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation.
-plays a prominent role in the formulation of radiation protection guidelines.
-Evalues human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of
sources.
-uses epidemiological data information from followup studies of japanese atomic bomb
surveyors.
-Research conclusions to derive radiation risk assessments for radiation-induced cancer
and for genetic effects.
NAS/NCR- BEIR- The National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Committee on
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.
U.S. Regulatory Agencies - answerNRC- Nuclear Regulatory Committee
-a federal agency that has authority to control the possession, use, and production of
atomic energy in the interest of national security.
-This agency also has power to enforce radiation protection standard.
-Does not regulate or inspect X-ray imaging facilities.
-Main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry.
,-Controls the manufacture and use of radioactive substances formed in nuclear reactors
used in.
FDA- Food and Drug administration
-Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and
manufacturing of electronic products, including diagnostic X-ray equipment.
EPA- Environmental Protection Agency
-the agency was created to bring several departments under one organization that
would be responsible for protecting the health of humans and for safeguarding the
natural environment.
-general overseer responsibliteis, facilitates the development and enforcement of
regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment.
OSHA- Occupational safety and health administration.
-functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry.
-Regulates occupational exposure to radiation.
-it is responsible for regulations concerning an employee's "right to know" with regard to
hazards that may be present in the workplace.
-also regulates training programs int he work place.
The patient- Consumer Radiation Safety Act of 1981 - answerCurrent law
1. Required the government to develop standards for RT certification.
2. accreditation standrds for educational programs in radiologic sciences
3. Provides states with a model for licensure
compliance with law is voluntary, did not impose penalties.
CARE Bill - answerproposed new law
consistency, accuracy, responsibility and excellence in medical imaging.
Bill proposed to ensure that basic minimum education and certification standards are
established as part of the medicare program for all medical imaging and radiation
therapy personnel.
Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure - answerNatural: (82%) 2.9 mSv
1. Cosmic radiation (photons and particulate radiation)
2.Terrestrial radiation
-(radium, thorium, and uranium)
*Radon is a decay product off radium
-Radon is greatest natural source to humans, present in the air
, -Radon gas can enter home through cracks, floor drains, porous cement, sump pumps
and well water.
3. Radionuclides (internal and external)
-Can occur naturally in the human body.
Man-Made: (18%) .65 mSv
1. X-rays (diagnostic, dental)
-greatest man-made source to humans.
2. Radiopharmeaceuticals (nuclear medicine imaging)
3. Consumer products (cigarettes)
4. Air travel
5. Nuclear fuel production
6. Nuclear fallout.
Units of Radiations Measure - answerAbsorbed dose
-Ray
-Gray
Biologically effective dose
-RBE
-Rem
-Sievert
Dose equivalent
effective dose
roentgen
Units of Radiation Measure - answerRad- Radiation Absorbed Dose (dose)
-dose received by patient
-expressin rad or Gy (gray)
- 1 Gy = 100 Rad
- 1 rad = .01 Gy
Rem- Radiation Equivalent Man (dose equivalent)
-dose of occupational exposure
-expressed in rem or Sv (sievert)
- 1 Sv = 100 rem
- 1 rem = .01
Roentgen- Radiation intensity in air
-radiation survey instruments
-expressed in c/kg
- 1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 c/kg
Absorbed Dose of Radiation - answerThe amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by
the irradiated object.
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