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APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 questions and answers already graded A+ 2025/2026
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APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 questions and answers already graded A+ 2025/2026
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APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-61. Acid - ANS-Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
2. Active transport - ANS-The movement of materials against a concentration difference
that requires energy
3. Anabolism - ANS-Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair/Larger
molecules are constructed from smaller ones
4. Anticodon - ANS-A three base sequence on tRNA
5. Atom - ANS-The smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical elements
6. Base - ANS-A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
7. Briefly describe the function of the basement membrane of epithelial tissue - ANS-The
underside of epithelial tissue is anchored by a basement membrane to connective tissue
8. Catabolism - ANS-A group of metabolic processes that break down larger molecules into
smaller ones
9. Cell differentiation - ANS-The process by which genetically identical cells of an embryo
become specialized or the process by which stable differences arise between cells of the
embryo
10. Chromosome - ANS-A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA
found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory
elements and other nucleotide sequence.
11. Codon - ANS-A codon is the sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a single
amino acid
12. Coenzymes - ANS-Organic molecules that act as cofactors
13. Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules - ANS-
14. Compound - ANS-A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
15. Define Extracellular Matrix of connective tissue - ANS-In the connective tissue, matrix is
secreted by connective tissue cells into the space surrounding them, where it serves to
bind cells together
16. Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? -
ANS-The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
17. Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
18. Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion? - ANS-Ions
are atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
19. Define Metabolisim - ANS-The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain,
release, and utilize energy
20. Describe filtration - ANS-The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
21. Describe on a molecular level how enzymes perform their function - ANS-
22. Describe osmosis - ANS-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
, 23. Describe the 3 main types of cells and 3 main types of fibers found in connective tissues
- ANS-Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Mast
24.
25. Collagenous, Elastic, and Reticular
26. Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions - ANS-Tight junctions: They are
impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent
substances from passing through the space between cells
27.
28. Desmosomes: Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural
unit
29.
30. Gap Junctions: Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of digestive tract
and function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other
small molecules to move between them
31. Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane - ANS-
32. Describe the function of the arrector pili muscle - ANS-Is attached to hair follicle; when
muscle contracts the hair stands on end, raising goose bumps; triggered if a person is
emotionally upset or very cold
33. Describe the process of facilitated diffusion - ANS-Movement of a substance across a
cell membrane going from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein in
the cell membrane
34. Describe the process of healing a wound, including scab formation. - ANS-Blood
escapes from dermal blood vessels, a blood clot soon forms, the blood clot and dried
tissue fluid form a scab, blood vessels send out branches and fibroblasts migrate into
area, fibroblasts produce new connective tissue fibers, scab sloughs off
35. Describe the process of simple diffusion - ANS-Movement from high concentration to low
concentration, requires NO energy
36. Describe the strata of the epidermis? How does the layers differ? - ANS-
37. Describe the structure and function of ceruminous - ANS-Ear wax
38. Describe the structure and function of each 4 types of membranes found in the human
body - ANS-
39. Describe the structure and function of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands - ANS-Eccrine
sweat glands respond to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or exercise;
Apocrine sweat glands wet certain areas of skin when a person is nervous or stressed
40. Describe the structure and function of mammary glandss - ANS-milk
41. Describe the structure and function of sebaceous glands - ANS-Contain groups of
specialized epithelial cells; Open directly onto the surface of the skin and excretes
sebum
42. Describe the structure and list the functions of the various epithelial tissues, including
glandular epithelium - ANS-
43. Describe the structure of a serous membrane - ANS-Smooth membrane consisting of 2
layers of epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid
44. Describe the various substances that color the skin - ANS-
45. Describe the vascularization( location of blood vessles) of the skin - ANS-
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