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2024 NU570 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NU570 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NU570 MIDTERM REVIEWEXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Plasma cells (differentiated B lymphocytes) were found to contain increased
amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the explanation for this
finding? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypertrophy, due to increased size and
function of the cells.
At autopsy, a small heart in a 90-year-old woman was found full of lipofuscin.
What is a reasonable explanation for this finding? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Old
age.
Lipofuscin is a pigment, associated with an intracellular storage disorder,
that increases when people age due to wear and tear of the cells.
A 23-year-old woman with burn injuries developed Diffuse Alveolar Damage
(DAD) and became short of breath. Auscultation revealed pulmonary rales
(rattling sounds). What is the most likely cause of rales and shortness of
breath in this woman? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pulmonary Edema (fluid in the
lungs) due to injury to the lungs or congestive heart failure.
Having pulmonary edema doesn't imply DAD just implies you have fluid. If
you do have injury to the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs you will develop
a condition that is associated with pulmonary edema called diffuse alveolar
damage. The pathogenesis of CHF, DAD and pulmonary edema is different.
A 30-year-old man was told that he had a heart murmur. What produces
heart murmurs? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Valvular heart disease.
Valves are not working properly and shutting correctly, so it leads to an
abnormal sound during auscultation.
A 50-year-old man complained of chest pain. What is the most likely cause of
precordial pain? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Angina pectoris. Valves are not
working properly and shutting correctly, so it leads to an abnormal sound
during auscultation.
This is due to inadequate oxygen.
A 55-year-old woman was diagnosed as having angina pectoris. What causes
angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ischemic heart disease
, Caused by atherosclerosis due to narrowing of coronary arteries and the
usual disease for that is atherosclerosis.
A 50-year-old man complained of shortness of breath. Why do patients with
heart disease often have shortness of breath? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) due to congestive heart failure or injury
to the lungs.
A 60-year-old man complained of leg cramps, which were so severe that he
had to stop walking. What is the pathologic basis for "intermittent
claudication" in this patient? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Severe atherosclerosis.
When blood supply is blocked by atherosclerosis, this leads to numbness and
cramping in the leg.
A young man sneezed each time he was close to cats. What is the principal
cause of his sneezing? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypersensitivity mediated by
mast cells.
A 50-year old chronic alcoholic was brought to the hospital with fever and
shortness of breath. He was coughing and expectorating yellow sputum.
What is the most likely cause of his distress? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Pneumonia or pulmonary abscess (get a polymicrobial infection in a pocket
of the lung due to aspiration)
Pyrogen = causes fever.
A chronic smoker who was admitted to the hospital had shortness of breath
and was expectorating large amounts of sputum. There was no fever or leg
edema. What is the diagnosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chronic cough for more
than 2 years= chronic bronchitis (common cause is smoking)
A 5-year old girl had a sudden attack of suffocating cough accompanied by
wheezing respiration. There was no fever, but the child appeared anxious
and in distress. What is the most likely diagnosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type
1 hypersensitivity reaction. Mast cells, eosinophils and IgE are involved.
Patients can die of bronchoconstriction and mucous plugging of bronchial
tree.
A 60-year old coal miner developed progressive shortness of breath. X-ray
studies showed numerous nodular masses in both lungs. What diagnosis
should be considered? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Anthrosilicosis (silica and coal
dust)
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