NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL EXAM 2024
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
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What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANSWERRegulation of blood pressure;
regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? -
ANSWERdribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention,
decreased stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? -
ANSWERADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - ANSWERperipheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - ANSWERExophthalmos
(bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting? - ANSWERglucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? -
ANSWERadipose/ fat
,What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANSWERmyxedema, fatigue,
cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - ANSWERGoiter, fatigue,
weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - ANSWERfatigue, body
aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - ANSWERnumbness,
tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - ANSWERfruity breath,
drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - ANSWERnegative feedback
loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANSWERGrowth Hormone,
prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and
endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus? - ANSWERa disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH
which causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - ANSWERpolyuria, nocturia, continuous
thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - ANSWERExcessive secretion of cortisol
causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous
abdomen. -
,Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch
marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric
disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - ANSWERWeakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - ANSWERfatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
depression. -
muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - ANSWERhypertension and
hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - ANSWERHigh blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. -
Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
, What is myxedema? - ANSWERsevere hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - ANSWERHashimoto's disease: most common
when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
- after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
- head or neck radiation for cancer
- iodine deficiency
What are the three p's in diabetes? - ANSWERpolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? -
ANSWERPrimary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands,
malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative
of a problem with the pituitary gland.
What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - ANSWERExcessive corticosteroids
What is acute gastritis? - ANSWERTransient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
What is chronic gastritis? - ANSWERChronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to
atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it
can be autoimmune.
What causes gastritis? - ANSWERAcute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure
to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown
is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori
What is amenorrhea? - ANSWER- absence of menstruation
What is metrorrhagia? - ANSWER- bleeding between periods
What is dysmenorrhea? - ANSWER- painful periods
